1. **Supply shocks**: Sudden increase in the cost of essential raw materials, such as oil or metals. 2. **Restrictive economic policies**: Excessive regulations or policies that distort the labor and goods markets. 3. **Engrained inflationary expectations**: Upward wage and price adjustments in anticipation of future inflation. 4. **Structural unemployment caused by AI and automation**: Loss of jobs due to the replacement of workers with advanced technologies. 5. **Expansive fiscal policies**: Excessive public spending that exceeds the productive capacity of the economy. 6. **Weakness in productivity**: Insufficient investments in technology or human capital that limit economic growth. 7. **Imported inflationary pressures**: Importation of inflation through foreign goods and services or currency depreciation. 8. **Increase in labor costs**: Increases in labor costs that are not aligned with improvements in productivity. 9. **Trade barriers and protectionism**: Tariffs and quotas that increase import costs and decrease global economic efficiency.
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