Get started

Sp500analysis

SPX Daily TA Cautiously BullishSPXUSD daily guidance is cautiously bullish. Recommended ratio: 80% SPX, 20% Cash. * GOLDEN CROSS WATCH . US December CPI came in 0.1% lower than in November (which saw a rise of 0.1% from October), whereas Core CPI came in 0.3% higher than in November (which saw a rise of 0.2% from October). The UofM Consumer Sentiment Index (Preliminary) for January is currently 64.6 , up from 59.7 in December. The current GDPNow US Q4 GDP estimate is 4.1% , up from 3.8% on 01/05/23. It seems as though markets are pricing in a "turnaround in inflation", but with Russia/Ukraine and ongoing supply chain disruptions from China it is likely premature to make such an assessment. Additionally, CPI is conflated and this is largely because the cost of gas has been falling in recent months; this is due to to a combination of: weakening demand from China amidst record COVID cases and resulting lockdowns; a price cap on Russian oil; a dramatic slowing of travel in the winter season (US); and lingering effects of the US government tapping into the SPR. Russia deciding to ban oil exports to any organization or country supporting the $60 price cap begins on February 1st and the next OPEC meeting could result in a cut to production in effort to boost prices. Cryptos are mixed. US Treasuries are up. Key Upcoming Dates: US December PPI at 830AM EST 01/18; US December Retail Sales at 830AM EST 01/18; Next GDPNow US Q4 GDP Estimate 01/18; US Federal Reserve Beige Book at 2PM EST 01/18; US December Building Permits and Housing Starts at 830AM EST 01/19; US Federal Reserve Governor Lael Brainard (FOMC member) Speech at 1:15PM EST 01/19; US Federal Reserve Governor Christopher Waller (FOMC member) Speech at 1PM EST 01/20. * Price is currently testing the 200MA at $4k as resistance. Volume remains Moderate (moderate) and has favored buyers for the last four sessions as Price trades in the Point of Control. Parabolic SAR flips bearish at $3810, this margin is mildly bearish. RSI is currently forming a soft peak at 61 as it approaches 68.42 resistance. Stochastic remains bullish and is currently trending sideways at max top (it can remain in this 'bullish autobahn' for a few sessions). MACD remains bullish and is currently trending up at 14.5 as it breaks above the uptrend line from March 2020, if it can sustain this momentum then it will likely test next resistance is at 33.08. ADX is currently trending up at 15 as Price continues to trend up, this is mildly bullish at the moment. If Price is able to break above the 200MA with conviction, the next likely target is a retest of $4058 minor resistance . However, if Price is rejected here, it will likely test the 50AM at $3913 minor support . Mental Stop Loss: (two consecutive closes below) $3913 .
SP:SPX
by dailytaguy
Our 2023 Outlook - S&P500 🔮Happy New Year traders from the team at AlgoBuddy! 🎇 2022 was a big and exciting year for us. We recently released the latest version of AlgoBuddy's flagship indicators; AlgoBuddy Premium 2.0 & AlgoBuddy Momentum, along with an ETH 30m strategy bot. 🔥 Our goal here is to always deliver helpful & actionable tools for traders to add to their trading tool belts. We'll also continue to release more tutorials and trade ideas every single week. Enough about us, let’s dive right in… 2022 was a year to remember for US equities. Bears clearly took control, as we had a strong down trend bear alert early in the year from AlgoBuddy. We had a few bear market rallies that every trader had to navigate through carefully. Managing capital, and not jumping too quick on to the bull train would have allowed you to survive. By end of year 2022, bears couldn't take us below 2021's low as the bulls defended it nicely (~3860). This is a major level that if we test again will likely fail. As of right now and moving forward, it feels that since inflation is still high, and the fed hasn't taken its foot off the breaks on the economy (interest rates), any rally is still a bear market one for me. We will continue to lean into the bear trend as seen on our weekly chart until we receive a bull alert. Even when the bull alert prints I fully expect price to capitulate and test our thick ribbon at least 2x before finding a base to rally. We recently got a divergence bullish signal on our momentum indicator so we will watch closely. I must see the fed step in and assist economic growth before I jump onto the bull train, even if I'm late to the party I can live with that. Until then, Algobuddy's S&P 2023 outlook is bearish on the weekly for at least end of Q1 2023. We will trade small on short term longs keeping stops tight, and we will jump easier on our shorter time-frame bear alerts for now until the trend changes. Good luck all, as always reach out to us for any questions/help/support. Happy trading, AlgoBuddy Team
SP:SPX
by QuantVue
4
SPX Broke bullish Now What?In the last SPX post, I started to doubt my bearish scenario of the index, by saying that the price looks bullish on the short term. Now that we've seen a short term pump to the resistance, I wanted to give an update. Right now, the upper level of the resistance zone has been touched. This begs the question: Are we going to see a break of this resistance zone. If that happens, I find it extremely likely that the resistance of the channel will break aswell. However, since we're at a resistance level, we have to be cautious about the following events. Right now i'll switch from bullish to neutral, because I want to see whats going to happen next.
SP:SPX
by FetchTeam
1
S&P500 Analysis 29.12.2022Hello Traders, welcome to this free and educational analysis. I am going to explain where I think this asset is going to go over the next few days and weeks and where I would look for trading opportunities. If you have any questions or suggestions which asset I should analyse tomorrow, please leave a comment below. I will personally reply to every single comment! If you enjoyed this analysis, I would definitely appreciate it, if you smash that like button and maybe consider following my channel. Thank you for watching and I will see you tomorrow! You can also check out my previous analysis of this asset:
OANDA:SPX500USD
by basictradingtv
20
SPX Daily TA Neutral BullishSPXUSD daily guidance is neutral with a bullish bias. Recommended ratio: 52% SPX, 48% Cash. * US New Residential Construction saw Building Permits for November down 11.2% from October to 1,342,000 and November Housing Starts down 0.5% from October to 1,427,000 . These numbers are reflective of an economy preparing for weakening demand as we head into 2023. US November Consumer Confidence spiked from 101.4 in November to 108.3 in December following two consecutive months of decline . This number is likely reflective of a lower CPI in November paired with expectations of continued lower inflation in 2023. Nike beat on both top and bottom 2023 Q2 estimates with its second best quarter of revenue growth in the past 10+ years , this is likely due to Black Friday sales and holiday shopping but is also reflective of a still strong US consumer. It was confirmed today by US Secretary of State Antony Blinken that the first transfer of the Patriot Air Defense System will be included in the most recent $1.85b aid package that the US will provide to Ukraine . Ukraine President Zelenskyy has also landed in the USA to meet with President Biden and deliver a speech to a joint session in Congress later tonight. Russia has previously declared that any Patriot Missiles supplied to Ukraine would immediately become legitimate targets of their armed forces attack . US Equities, US Equity Futures, Energy, Agriculture, DXY, HSI and N100 are up. Cryptos are mixed. Metals, GBPUSD, EURUSD, JPYUSD, CNYUSD, NI225, VIX and US Treasurys are down. Key Upcoming Dates: US Final Q3 GDP Estimate at 830am EST 12/22; US November PCE Index at 830am EST 12/23; UofM Consumer Sentiment Index at 10am EST 12/23. * Price is currently testing the 50MA at $3875 as resistance. Volume is currently Low (high) and on track to favor buyers for a second consecutive session. Parabolic SAR flips bullish at $4045, this margin is neutral at the moment. RSI is currently testing the uptrend line from January 2022 at 46.5 as resistance. Stochastic crossed over bullish in today's session after retesting max bottom and is currently trending up at 11, the next resistance is at 17. MACD remains bearish and is currently testing -11.45 support. ADX is currently trending down at 13.6 as Price is attempting to defend support at the 50MA, this is mildly bearish at the moment. If Price is to reclaim support of the 50MA it will have to close above $3875 as well as recapture support at $3913 minor support . However, if Price is rejected here at the 50MA, it will likely aim to retest the lower trendline of the descending channel from July 2021 at ~$3710 as support . Mental Stop Loss: (one close below) $3810.
SP:SPX
by dailytaguy
2
SPX Fair Value Ranges - SPX ES1! SPY - Updated 121722Here is a chart that calculates SPX "Fair Value", based off FED Net Liquidity variables. SPY ES1! Looking to the end of the year 2022 and the start of 2023, here are some SPX target ranges to keep in mind when taking into account the current FED Net Liquidity: Upper Bound: $4,271.69 Fair Value: $3,921.69 Lower Bound: $3,771.69 If you want a copy of this chart, here is the link to make a copy: 📊👇🏼 SPX Fair Value (FED Net Liquidity) www.tradingview.com SPX Net Liquidity Band Indicator via @dharmatechnology8: www.tradingview.com
SP:SPX
by kylemusserco
S&P 500 Analysis and Trade IdeaInteresting. Loads of news coming! CPI, FOMC, and interest rate decisions for CHF, GBP and EUR. I will wait until I see how the CPI data turns out before jumping in this market for trades.. especially for any buys. I do, however, see that *support * differently... as I am tentatively bearish in this market. D1: 1 - A bearish break of of Swing structure. Confirms the market is bearish until the high is taken out. 2 - The return to the impulsing order block. This is the expected pullback correction after a BOS. This D1 supply zone was in the premium of the trading range, imbalanced and unmitigated, and price reacted to it perfectly (see last weeks Sunday livestream). It also broke the daily uptrend line. 3* - This is no doubt going to look to some as price finding support for a move up. But it is sell side liquidity, looking thru the lens of SMC. I expect those lows to be swept, as there are SLs there for the traders that took longs from those levels. 4 - This is a well placed imbalance/fair value gap that looks to be filled ... potentially... as price moves to mitigate the demand zone that formed that gap. 5 - This demand zone has potential to hold price once mitigated. So any shorts taken from up higher into it should TP in this area, imo. Personally, I will be looking for confirmations to take a long from here. We'll see how price reacts to this poi firs, though. If you like this analysis and would like to see more, give this post a BOOST with thumbs up! Like & Subscribe is the best thank you in the world! Trade safely.
OANDA:SPX500USD
by RT_Money
1
SPX Daily TA Neutral BearishSPXUSD daily guidance is neutral with a bearish bias. Recommended ratio: 45% SPX, 55% Cash. * The FOMC announced a 50bps rate hike today and adjusted their Dot Plot to reflect a 5.1% FFR in 2023 . Markets rallied prior to the announcement and then fell shortly after, though this could have been a short-squeeze, Equity and Crypto markets could see more downward pressure as investors return to Bonds; currently FFR futures traders are anticipating a 75bps rate hike on 02/01/23. DXY, US Treasurys (mixed) and Natural Gas are up. US Equities, US Equity Futures, Cryptos, Commodities, GBPUSD, EURUSD, JPYUSD, CNYUSD, HSI, NI225, N100 and VIX are down. Key Upcoming Dates: Next GDPNow US Q4 GDP estimate 12/15; US November New Residential Construction at 830am EST 12/20; US Final Q3 GDP Estimate at 830am EST 12/22; US November PCE Index at 830am EST 12/23; UofM Consumer Sentiment Index at 10am EST 12/23. * Price is currently trending down at $3995 and is at risk of breaking below the uptrend line from 10/13 after being rejected by the 200MA at ~$4035 as resistance. Volume remains Moderate (high) and favored sellers for a second consecutive session; Price briefly touched the VP Point of Control at ~$3970. Parabolic SAR flips bearish at $3920, this margin is bearish at the moment. RSI is currently testing 52.68 as support after crossing above it to start the week. Stochastic remains bullish and is currently testing 43.62 resistance. MACD remains bearish and is currently at risk of denying a trough formation at 33.08 support; if it loses 33.08 support then the next support (minor) is at 10.73. ADX is currently trending up slightly at 16 as Price attempts to defend the uptrend line from 10/13, this is neutral at the moment. If Price is able to bounce here and reclaim support of the uptrend line from 10/13 at ~$4032 (which coincides with the 200MA), it will have to break above $4058 minor resistance in order to retest the upper trendline of the descending channel from November 2021 at ~$4150 as resistance . However, if Price continues to break down here, it will likely retest $3913 minor support . Mental Stop Loss: (one close above) $4058.
SP:SPX
by dailytaguy
The S&P500 rally stalled at a key resistance clusterThe jury is out over whether a bear-market rally has topped, or last week’s decline is simply a pullback ahead of its next break higher. Yet the turn of momentum at a key resistance cluster suggests bears are regaining control. The S&P 500 had its most bearish week in 5 as its rally stalled at the 50-week MEA, trend resistance, a 161.8% Fibonacci ratio and the September high. The daily chart shows prices closed below trend resistance, and the market has since failed to move back up to 4,000. A bearish outside day formed on Friday to who momentum is trying to turn lower. A break below 3915 assumes bearish continuation, with 3818.2 an initial target, and a break below 3800 brings 3700 into focus.
SP:SPXShort
by CityIndex
SPX Daily TA Cautiously BearishSPXUSD daily guidance is cautiously bearish. Recommended ratio: 35% SPX, 65% Cash. * US November PPI came in at 0.3%, a bit higher than the consensus estimate of 0.2% after rising 0.2% in October . This sent Risk-On markets lower as fears of another 75bps rate hike returned to the table. One good thing about November's PPI is that it increased 7.4% from last November, compared to 8.1% in October. Expectations for China's reopening are continuing to materialize as 28 oil tankers remain backlogged in the Black Sea due to Turkey's recent request for insurance checks on Russian oil tankers . Meanwhile the EU faces an energy crisis exacerbated by recent oil price caps and the Russia/Ukraine war that many fear will spill over into a global financial meltdown . However, if US November CPI prints lower and the FOMC follows through on a loose commitment to a 50bps rate hike, selling pressure may be alleviated in the near term. DXY, US Treasurys, VIX, GBPUSD, JPYUSD, CNYUSD, HSI, NI225, N100, Energy and Metals finished up on the day. US Equities, US Equity Futures, Cryptos, Agriculture and EURUSD finished down. Key Upcoming Dates: US November CPI 830am EST 12/13; Last FOMC Rate Hike Announcement of 2022 at 2pm EST 12/14; US November New Residential Construction at 830am EST 12/20; US Final Q3 GDP Estimate at 830am EST 12/22; US November PCE Index at 830am EST 12/23; UofM Consumer Sentiment Index at 10am EST 12/23. * Price finished the day trending down at $3934 after being rejected by the uptrend line from 10/13 as resistance, it's now approaching a retest of $3913 minor support. Volume remains Moderate (moderate) and favored sellers in today's session after favoring buyers in the previous two sessions, a clear indication of PPI induced fears. Parabolic SAR flips bullish at $4090, this margin is mildly bullish at the moment. RSI is currently trending down at 49 after being rejected by 52.68 resistance, the next support is the uptrend line from January 2022 at 46. Stochastic remains bearish after a bullish crossover attempt was rejected at 5, it is currently trending down at 3.5 as it approaches a retest of max bottom. MACD remains bearish and is currently testing 33 support. ADX is currently trending down at 15 as Price continues to see selling pressure, this is mildly bullish at the moment. If Price is able to bounce here then it will likely retest the uptrend line from 10/13 at ~$4k as resistance . However, if Price continues to break down here, it will likely formally retest $3913 minor support before potentially retesting the 50MA at $3840 as support . Mental Stop Loss: (one close above) $4058.
SP:SPX
by dailytaguy
SPX Daily TA Cautiously BearishSPXUSD daily guidance is cautiously bearish. Recommended ratio: 35% SPX, 65% Cash. * BOUNCE WATCH . It's volatile week with investors preparing for another FFR hike (12/14) that is widely expected to be 50bps (with a chance at 75bps) as China continues to formally lax their Covid-Zero restrictions in major cities like Beijing where people with a negative PCR test result are now allowed to congregate in certain public places . This has investors torn over a China reopening rally and more flight from Risk-On assets to DXY and US Treasurys with further FFR hikes. Russia continues to bombard Ukrainian energy infrastructure as Russia prepares to ban the sale of Russian oil to buyers participating in the new $60 price cap imposed by the G7 yesterday . In the coming years it would be reasonable to expect more of a push toward renewables like Solar energy in response to the geopolitical factors that are causing oil prices to be unsustainably volatile. VIX, Metals, Agriculture, NI225, GBPUSD, EURUSD and JPYUSD are up. DXY, US Treasurys, US Equities, US Equity Futures, Cryptos (mixed), Energy, CNYUSD and N100 are down. Key Upcoming Dates: US November PPI 830am EST 12/09; US November CPI 830am EST 12/13; Last FOMC Rate Hike Announcement of 2022 at 2pm EST 12/14; US November New Residential Construction at 830am EST 12/20; US Final Q3 GDP Estimate at 830am EST 12/22; US November PCE Index at 830am EST 12/23; UofM Consumer Sentiment Index at 10am EST 12/23 .* Price is currently trending down at $3954 as it approaches a $3913 minor support after being rejected by the 200MA (~$4058 minor resistance). Volume is currently Low (moderate) and on track to favor sellers for a second consecutive session if it closes today's session in the red. The VP Point of Control is at $3913 minor support. Parabolic SAR flips bullish at $4102, this margin is mildly bullish at the moment. RSI is currently trending down at 50 as it tests 52.68 support, the next support is the uptrend line from January 2022 at ~46. Stochastic remains bearish and is currently trending down at 28, the next support is at 17. MACD crossed over bearish in today's session and is currently trending down at 48 as it risks losing 55.35 minor support if it breaks down further. ADX is currently trending down at 18.53 as Price is also trending down, this is neutral at the moment. If Price is able to bounce here then it will likely retest the 200MA at ~$4040 as resistance before potentially retesting $4058 minor resistance . However, if Price continues to break down here, it will likely retest $3913 minor support . Mental Stop Loss: (one close above) $4040 .
SP:SPX
by dailytaguy
1
20 Reason buy S&P🔆MULTI-TIME FRAME TOP-DOWN ANALYSIS OVERVIEW☀️ 1 ✨Eagle eye: Super BUllish 2 📆Monthly: after a deep correction now, the impulsive move is just started 3 📅Weekly: bear trend/beartrap double bottom/ make lower high 4 🕛Daily: the clear bull trend toward extreme high 😇7 Dimension analysis 🟢 analysis time frame: daily 5: 1 Price Structure: bullish 6: 2 Pattern Candle Chart: flag 7: 3 Volume: high volume 8: 4 Momentum UNCONVENTIONAL Rsi: super bullish 9: 5 Volatility measure Bollinger bands: v 10: 6 Strength ADX: bullish 11: 7 Sentiment ROC: bull ✔️ Entry Time Frame: H4 12: Entry TF Structure: bull 13: entry move: impulsive 14: Support resistance base: cip 15: FIB: ☑️ final comments: buy 16: 💡decision: buy 17: 🚀Entry: 4107 18: ✋Stop losel:4019 19: 🎯Take profit:4198
SP:SPXLong
by Optimum369
SPX Daily TA Cautiously BullishSPXUSD daily guidance is cautiously bullish. Recommended ratio: 65% SPX, 35% Cash . * US EMPLOYMENT SITUATION WATCH . If Unemployment reports higher tomorrow (which with the amount of layoffs in corporate USA these days would be reasonable), this would signal that the FOMC's monetary policy is becoming increasingly effective and they will likely go ahead with their 50bps rate hike on 12/14. This may be considered bullish by markets but it would be prudent to expect for a bit of volatility tomorrow regardless. October's PCE Index was reported (6% vs 6.3% in September) at 12:45pm EST today , when it should've been reported at 830am EST today; why this happened, who knows? Why it (Core PCE) reflected exactly what Fed Chair Jerome Powell forecasted in his speech at the Brookings Institute yesterday, who knows? Powell (and the Fed) forecasted Core PCE dropping from 5.1% (5.2% revised) to 5%, that's exactly what was reported today. The 7th GDPNow US Q4 GDP estimate came in at 2.8% down from 4.3% on 11/23 . Russia Foreign Minister Lavrov justified recent attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure as a means of defending Russia from "inherent risks" and condemned NATO and the USA for participating in the defense of Ukraine . France and the USA agreed to continue supporting Ukraine . Meanwhile, the Pentagon reported that China conducted more ballistic missile tests than the rest of the world combined in 2021 but that there are doubts regarding whether or not they can achieve their goals of becoming a military superpower by 2027 . HSI, NI225, N100, GBPUSD, EURUSD, JPYUSD, CNYUSD, Energy, Agriculture and Metals were up today. DXY, US Treasurys, US Equities, US Equity Futures, Cryptos and VIX were down. Key Upcoming Dates: November Employment Situation at 830am EST 12/02 ; US November PPI 830am EST 12/09; US November CPI 830am EST 12/13; Last FOMC Rate Hike Announcement of 2022 at 2pm EST 12/14; US November New Residential Construction at 830am EST 12/20; US Final Q3 GDP Estimate at 830am EST 12/22; US November PCE Index at 830am EST 12/23; UofM Consumer Sentiment Index at 10am EST 12/23. * Price attempted to push higher in today's session and finished at $4076 after briefly testing the 200MA which coincided with $4058 minor support. Volume finished today's session Moderate (high) and favored sellers after favoring buyers in yesterday's session. Parabolic SAR flips bearish at $3938, this margin is neutral at the moment. RSI is currently trending down slightly at 62.5 after forming a soft peak at 63.5, the next support is at 52.68 and resistance at 68.42. Stochastic crossed over bullish in today's session after bouncing off of 68 support and is currently trending up at 83. MACD remains bullish after defying a bearish crossover and is currently trending up slightly at 62, it's still technically testing 55 minor resistance. ADX is currently trending up slightly at 21 as Price attempts to push higher, this is mildly bullish at the moment and would become bullish if it maintains this correlation over 25. If Price is able to establish support at $4058 minor support then the next likely target is a retest of the upper trendline of the descending channel from November 2021 at around $4175 resistance (this would present a very critical resistance). However, if Price breaks down below $4058 minor support as well as the 200MA at $4048 as support , it will likely retest $3913 minor support. Mental SL: (one close below) $4032 .
SP:SPX
by dailytaguy
2
SPX Daily TA Neutral BullishSPXUSD daily guidance is neutral with a bullish bias. Recommended ratio: 52% SPX, 48% Cash. * CRITICAL RESISTANCE WATCH . US Equity Futures are starting the week down as Cryptos are attempting to finish the week up (barely). Markets are apparently getting spooked by the unrest in China and how it may affect demand if the CCP is to enforce stricter lockdowns with the uptick in Covid infections. It's unprecedented to see this kind of revolt in China in modern times, with chants in Shanghai for the CCP and Xi Jinping to step down ; all I can say is, bravo to the Chinese citizens for standing up to the scam that is Covid lockdowns. It's a big week for economic data so be prepared for a bit of volatility if the numbers point to more inflation. JPYUSD is up. Meanwhile DXY, US Treasuries, US Equity Futures, Cryptos, Metals, Energy, Agriculture, HSI, NI225, CNYUSD, GBPUSD and EURUSD are down. Key Upcoming Dates: US Consumer Confidence Index at 10am EST 11/29; 2nd BEA Estimate of US Q3 GDP at 830am EST 11/30; Fed Chair Jerome Powell speech at Brookings Institute at 130pm EST 11/30; Beige Book at 2pm EST 11/30; October PCE Index at 830am EST 12/01; November Employment Situation at 830am EST 12/02; Last FOMC Rate Hike Announcement of 2022 at 2pm EST 12/14 .* Price finished last week stalling at $4026, just below $4058 minor resistance which coincides with the 200MA. Volume was Low (high) due to a shortened trading session and has favored buyers for three consecutive sessions; it has also been shrinking for ten consecutive sessions which is indicative of an impending breakout/breakdown. Parabolic SAR flips bearish at $3867, this margin is mildly bearish at the moment. RSI is currently trending sideways at 62; the next resistance is at 68 and the next support at 53. Stochastic remains bullish and is currently trending up at 97 as it approaches a retest of max top. MACD remains bullish and is currently trending up at 62 but is still technically testing 55 minor resistance. ADX is currently trending up slightly at 21 as Price continues to push higher, this is mildly bullish at the moment. If Price is able to breakout above $4058 minor resistance + the 200MA then it will likely retest the upper trendline of the descending channel from November 2021 at $4175 resistance for the first time since 08/22/22. However, if Price breaks down here, it will likely fall back to ~$3953 as support before potentially retesting $3913 minor support . Mental Stop Loss: (one close below) $3953.
SP:SPX
by dailytaguy
SP500 showing major bull run to 4,410 with 1 MAJOR obstacleThe SP500 has formed a Cup and Handle and another bigger Cup and Handle in the Daily chart. The price has broken up and out of it and the Moving Averages are all looking good giving the first target of 44,100. The big BUTT! Is that there has been a massive downtrend since 23 December 2021, which the price will have to overcome. The price action is showing bullishness and I hope to science that the price breaks up and out of the downtrend range. this will dish us up a nice Santa Claus rally. And bias wise I am long 13 stocks at the moment :P
SP:SPXLong
by Timonrosso