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Asset Classes - Part 1 and 2 - For beginnersAsset classes - Part 1 - Stocks, Bonds, Commodities and Currencies There are several types of asset classes which group together investments with similar characteristics. However, each asset class also has its own particular features that it does not share with other asset classes. Most common asset classes are: equities, fixed income, real estate, commodities and currencies. Correlation between different asset classes within the same industry is common. However, asset classes in unrelated fields show very little correlation. Each asset class possesses a different level of liquidity; most liquid asset classes are equities, fixed-income securities, and commodities. Sub-asset class Asset classes can be subdivided into sub-asset classes; for example, commodities can be subdivided into lumber, metals, oil, etc. Sub-asset classes can be further subdivided into separate groups which show common characteristics while showing characteristics of the broad group at the same time. For example, metals can be subdivided into precious metals and industrial metals. Each group can be then divided even further to efficiently distinct between separate features of asset type. For example, precious metals can be divided into gold, silver and platinum. Illustration 1.01 Illustration above shows a daily chart of continuous CFD on WTI oil. Price made a low of 33.67 USD on 2nd November 2020 and continued to rise until it reached a high of 85.39 USD on 25th October 2021. Correlation Some assets tend to show correlation. Such correlation can be positive or negative. Positive correlation means that two assets behave in a similar way. For example, when gold rises then mining stocks rise as well. Contrary to that, negative correlation describes such behavior in which assets move in the opposite direction to each other. For example, when USDEUR declines then WTI oil tends to rise. Illustration 1.02 Illustration above shows the daily graph of Exxon Mobil Corporation which belongs to the oil mining and exploration sector. It made a low of 31.11 USD on 29th October 2020 and then continued to rise until 1st November 2021 when it reached a high of 66.08 USD. Positive correlation can be observed between CFD on WTI oil shown in Illustration 1.01 and Exxon Mobil Corporation stock. Stocks Stocks, also called equities, are normally issued by an eminent (company, state, etc.) as shares which give right of ownership to their holder. These shares are then sold by eminent (to investors) with the purpose to raise capital. Stocks are predominantly traded on stock exchanges and they can be either common stocks or preferred stocks. Common stocks entitle a shareholder to vote at shareholders´ meetings and to receive dividends being paid by a company. Preferred stocks differ from common stocks in that they usually come with limited or no voting rights at all. Though, preferred stocks have higher claims to dividends and distribution of assets by a company. This means that in case of liquidation of a company preferred stockholders have priority over common stockholders. In addition to that, preferred stocks can pay higher dividends than common stocks and because of that they are good for building passive income based on dividend payments which can be monthly or quarterly. Bonds Bonds are simply loans made by an eminent (borrower) which can be state, corporation, or any other legal entity. Bonds are considered fixed-income instruments because they come with interest payments being paid out to an investor. Owner of a bond is called debtholder while the issuer of a bond is called a creditor. Bonds are tradable assets and they have maturity. In addition to that, bonds come with risk of default. Because of that, higher yielding bonds usually come with higher risk of default. Bonds are great investment vehicles for building passive income, however, they generally underperform in terms of yield when compared to stocks, commodities and indices. Bond yield is negatively correlated to bond's price. Commodities Commodities are basic goods (such as gold, lumber, oil etc.) that are used in commerce. They are usually refined or used for production of other goods. Commodities can be traded on market exchanges where they must meet specified minimum standards like quality, weight, type, etc. Commodities are great speculative and anti-inflationary investment vehicles. Illustration 1.03 Illustration 1.03 shows the daily chart of CFD on WTI oil. On 20th April 2020 due to the WTI oil crisis at Cushing, Oklahoma price plunged below negative 36 USD (-36 USD per barrel). Unfortunately, that is not depicted on the chart (chart depicts lowest value at 0.00 USD). Currencies Currency has the role of a medium of exchange for goods and services in almost all economies around the world. There are many different currencies worldwide, however, predominantly used currencies are U.S. dollar (USD), Euro (EUR), British pound (GBP), Yuan (CNY) Ruble (RUB), Yen (JPY). Relationships between currencies are highly intertwined making the currency market very complex and hard to predict. Central banks can influence currency rates through monetary policies such as interest rates and quantitative easing. Similarly, a government can impact currency rate by enacting fiscal policies. These policies can have an impact on spending, import, export, etc.; which will, in result, influence currency rate. In addition to all of that, some currencies exhibit positive or negative correlation with commodities such as gold, oil, etc. Illustration 1.04 Illustration above shows the daily graph of EURUSD. It is observable that EURUSD made lows in March 2020 and then continued to rise towards November 2020. Only a month later in April 2020 oil bottomed out and then started to rise in tandem with EURUSD (depicted in Illustration 1.03). Asset Classes - Part 2 - Cryptocurrencies, ETFs, CFDs Modern technology along with financial evolution brought rise of new asset classes such as cryptocurrencies, exchange traded funds (ETFs), contracts for difference (CFDs) and options. These new financial instruments represent alternative investment to stocks, bonds, commodities and currencies. Additionally, some features within these products can help an investor to diversify portfolio, trade short and use leverage with ease of a few mouse button clicks. Cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrency is simply digital currency. Most cryptocurrencies are based on blockchain technology which acts as a distributed ledger that is run by a large number of computers that comprise decentralized structure. Normally, cryptocurrencies are not issued by central authorities (however, central banks around the world currently work on digital form of fiat currencies). Cryptocurrencies are encrypted by cryptographic methods which makes them very difficult to counterfeit and double-spend. These assets are considered to be more volatile when compared to stocks, bonds, commodities and fiat currencies. Another defining feature that sets cryptocurrencies apart from other assets is that they are traded non-stop (24 hours a day, including weekends). Most popular cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Cardano (ADA), Ripple (XRP), Dogecoin (DOGE). Illustration 1.04 Picture above shows the monthly chart of BTCUSD (Bitcoin in USD). It is very easy to spot unbelievable growth of more than 862 000 % between August 2011 and November 2021. Exchange traded fund (ETF) Exchange traded fund is a type of security that is publicly traded on a stock market exchange and which tracks an index, stock, commodity, or other asset. Exchange traded funds can track either one asset or group of assets. This allows an ETF to be structured in such a way that it can reflect performance of a particular economic sector. Illustration 1.05 Illustration above shows the daily graph of JETS ETF which is an airline exchange traded fund. It has exposure to airline manufacturers, airline operators, airports and terminal services. Contract for difference (CFD) Contract for difference is exchange traded security that is cash-settled and which does not include delivery of goods. It simply pays the difference between the opening price and closing price. CFDs copy the price of other securities and they can be traded short, and also on margin. However, usually higher fees are associated with CFDs when compared to stocks, bonds, currencies and commodities. Illustration 1.06 Depiction above shows the monthly graph of CFD on USOIL. DISCLAIMER: This content serves solely educational purposes.
Editors' picks
BITSTAMP:BTCUSDEducation
by Tradersweekly
36
Credit - The Second Wave - EvergrandeIdea for Credit: - Stocks had a bit of a reprieve as China's collapsing property firms were halted for 2 weeks, and China's markets had gone on holiday for Golden week. - Stock market had an unwinding of hedges last week, but are things really 'Back to Normal'? - The bond market does not think so, and seems to be presaging more drawdown to come. - EM High Yield has been in capitulation, while US Corporate bonds and HY are accelerating their declines. - High Yield Spreads are about to breakout. - This is a problem that has not simply gone away, but rather will only get worse. - Nikkei had even erased all losses of the year in 2 weeks, then lost them again in 2 weeks more, to continue its bear market: - Remains to be seen how far-reaching the effects will be on China's 5T property market. The drag on global property market is real: More to come on that later. The stock market has its best days in bear markets as volatility increases, and this is really telling of the situation. I think we are already in a global bear market and recession. 110 1911 222 GLHF - DPT
AMEX:LQDShort
by UnknownUnicorn1043646
1
Bonds Establish ValueBonds have dipped but have found support at the levels we identified yesterday. ZN retraced from relative highs at 131'02 to 130'19. It has since rebounded and is currently testing 130'26. The Kovach OBV was quite strong, but has dipped with the retracement. We appear to be forming value between 130'19 and 131'02. If this is the case, then expect further support at 130'19 and resistance at 131'02. Beware of the vacuum zone below to 130'07. The next target above is 131'12.
CBOT:ZN1!Long
by quantguy
1
Bond Yields to Rise again soon - heading towards 1.8%I think its fair to agree that in the long term, with interest rates expected to rise, and monetary policy tightening, that bond yields willl rise inevitably. but the question really is when. Whilst i cant judge when that will be... i can try and get some good timings (for short positions on bonds - since bond prices are inverse to yield). Yields should bottom out near 1.25% fairly soon... after which i would look to see the yields rise back to around 1.8 or possibly more.
TVC:US10YLong
by nmiah7c
Global bonds rout put central banks on the spot What a crazy market,” said Priya Misra, global head of rates strategy at TD Securities. “The 20s-30s curve is just reflecting the overall flattening theme in the market -- where central banks are forced to respond to inflation, which slows growth significantly.” Yield-curve flattening has gained momentum across global bond markets this week as traders scrambled to price in more aggressive central-bank actions to fend off inflation. The Bank of Canada surprised investors Wednesday by abruptly ending its bond-buying stimulus program and accelerated the potential timing of future interest rate increases; the Canadian yield curve flattened sharply in response. While declining oil prices account for some of the pullback in breakevens, “profit-taking after a very strong run over the past several weeks” was also a likely factor, said Michael Pond, head of inflation market strategy at Barclays Capital Inc. “We might be seeing de-risking ahead of the Fed,” which has been mindful of inflation expectations and doesn’t want to appear to be behind the curve, Pond said.
TVC:US10YLong
by GrizzlyBearBee
Bond market volatility rocks the EuroData released Thursday showed that U.S. GDP growth slowed sharply to a 2% annualized rate in the third quarter. Meanwhile, investors continued to price in rate increases by the European Central Bank, while dismissing President Christine Lagarde’s effort to push back against such expectations. Market expectations of higher interest rates has brought out bears, with Danske Bank strategists expecting the euro to fall to $1.10 over the next 12 months.
Short
by GrizzlyBearBee
US10Y Signs of a bearish reversal.The US10Y has reached (and so far got rejected on) the 1.707 Resistance (1), which last time rejected the price on May 13. With the 1D RSI on a Bearish Divergence (is on Lower Highs while the actual price is on Higher Highs), similarities can be made with the February 25 - March 30 sequence, which after an RSI Bearish Divergence got rejected on the 1.775 Resistance (2) and essentially started the correction towards the 1.125 Support. We are expecting a pull-back towards the 0.382 Fibonacci Retracement level and if broken the 0.618 level which may be even more likely as it is the top of the recent High Volatility Cluster. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** Please support this idea with your likes and comments, it is the best way to keep it relevant and support me. ** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TVC:US10YShort
by TradingShot
4
TREASURY BONDS CREATING LIQUIDITY BEFORE MOVE UP?Hello my beauties. The bonds seem to be in a strong downtrend, and the volume profile suggests that the most liquidity is actually clustered around the upwards trendline area. I suspect the price will be directed there to generate enough liquidity for the next move up. If you find this idea to be helpful like, follow, and drop a comment below if you'd want me to analyse a different pair. Consider supporting me if you think I am providing you with value. Peace. Luca, TrickleDownFX
CBOT:ZB1!Short
by TrickleDownFX
1