FunctionLAPACKdsyrkLibrary "FunctionLAPACKdsyrk"
subroutine part of LAPACK: Linear Algebra Package,
performs one of the symmetric rank k operations
.
C := alpha*A*A**T + beta*C, or C := alpha*A**T*A + beta*C,
.
where alpha and beta are scalars, C is an n by n symmetric matrix
and A is an n by k matrix in the first case and a k by n matrix
in the second case.
.
reference:
netlib.org
dsyrk(uplo, trans, n, k, alpha, a, lda, beta, c, ldc)
performs one of the symmetric rank k operations
.
C := alpha*A*A**T + beta*C, or C := alpha*A**T*A + beta*C,
.
where alpha and beta are scalars, C is an n by n symmetric matrix
and A is an n by k matrix in the first case and a k by n matrix
in the second case.
.
Parameters:
uplo : string specifies whether the upper or lower triangular part of
the array C is to be referenced as follows:
UPLO = 'U' or 'u' Only the upper triangular part of C is to be referenced.
UPLO = 'L' or 'l' Only the lower triangular part of C is to be referenced.
.
trans : string specifies the operation to be performed as follows:
TRANS = 'N' or 'n' C := alpha*A*A**T + beta*C.
TRANS = 'T' or 't' C := alpha*A**T*A + beta*C.
TRANS = 'C' or 'c' C := alpha*A**T*A + beta*C.
.
n : int specifies the order of the matrix C. N must be at least zero.
k : int On entry with:
TRANS = 'N' or 'n', K specifies the number of columns of the matrix A.
TRANS = 'T' or 't' or 'C' or 'c', K specifies the number of rows of the matrix A.
K must be at least zero.
.
alpha : float scalar.
a : matrix matrix A.
lda : int specifies the first dimension of A.
beta : float scalar.
c : matrix matrix C, is overwritten by the lower triangular part of the updated matrix.
ldc : int specifies the first dimension of C
Returns: void, C is overwritten by the lower triangular part of the updated matrix.
Matrices
FunctionLAPACKdtrsmLibrary "FunctionLAPACKdtrsm"
subroutine in the LAPACK:linear algebra package, used to solve one of the following matrix equations:
op( A )*X = alpha*B, or X*op( A ) = alpha*B,
where alpha is a scalar, X and B are m by n matrices, A is a unit, or
non-unit, upper or lower triangular matrix and op( A ) is one of
op( A ) = A or op( A ) = A**T.
The matrix X is overwritten on B.
reference:
netlib.org
dtrsm(side, uplo, transa, diag, m, n, alpha, a, lda, b, ldb)
solves one of the matrix equations
op( A )*X = alpha*B, or X*op( A ) = alpha*B,
where alpha is a scalar, X and B are m by n matrices, A is a unit, or
non-unit, upper or lower triangular matrix and op( A ) is one of
op( A ) = A or op( A ) = A**T.
The matrix X is overwritten on B.
Parameters:
side : string , On entry, SIDE specifies whether op( A ) appears on the left or right of X as follows:
SIDE = 'L' or 'l' op( A )*X = alpha*B.
SIDE = 'R' or 'r' X*op( A ) = alpha*B.
uplo : string , specifies whether the matrix A is an upper or lower triangular matrix as follows:
UPLO = 'U' or 'u' A is an upper triangular matrix.
UPLO = 'L' or 'l' A is a lower triangular matrix.
transa : string , specifies the form of op( A ) to be used in the matrix multiplication as follows:
TRANSA = 'N' or 'n' op( A ) = A.
TRANSA = 'T' or 't' op( A ) = A**T.
TRANSA = 'C' or 'c' op( A ) = A**T.
diag : string , specifies whether or not A is unit triangular as follows:
DIAG = 'U' or 'u' A is assumed to be unit triangular.
DIAG = 'N' or 'n' A is not assumed to be unit triangular.
m : int , the number of rows of B. M must be at least zero.
n : int , the number of columns of B. N must be at least zero.
alpha : float , specifies the scalar alpha. When alpha is zero then A is not referenced and B need not be set before entry.
a : matrix, Triangular matrix.
lda : int , specifies the first dimension of A.
b : matrix, right-hand side matrix B, and on exit is overwritten by the solution matrix X.
ldb : int , specifies the first dimension of B.
Returns: void, modifies matrix b.
usage:
dtrsm ('L', 'U', 'N', 'N', 5, 3, 1.0, a, 7, b, 6)
Matrix Library (Linear Algebra, incl Multiple Linear Regression)What's this all about?
Ever since 1D arrays were added to Pine Script, many wonderful new opportunities have opened up. There has been a few implementations of matrices and matrix math (most notably by TradingView-user tbiktag in his recent Moving Regression script: ). However, so far, no comprehensive libraries for matrix math and linear algebra has been developed. This script aims to change that.
I'm not math expert, but I like learning new things, so I took it upon myself to relearn linear algebra these past few months, and create a matrix math library for Pine Script. The goal with the library was to make a comprehensive collection of functions that can be used to perform as many of the standard operations on matrices as possible, and to implement functions to solve systems of linear equations. The library implements matrices using arrays, and many standard functions to manipulate these matrices have been added as well.
The main purpose of the library is to give users the ability to solve systems of linear equations (useful for Multiple Linear Regression with K number of independent variables for example), but it can also be used to simulate 2D arrays for any purpose.
So how do I use this thing?
Personally, what I do with my private Pine Script libraries is I keep them stored as text-files in a Libraries folder, and I copy and paste them into my code when I need them. This library is quite large, so I have made sure to use brackets in comments to easily hide any part of the code. This helps with big libraries like this one.
The parts of this script that you need to copy are labeled "MathLib", "ArrayLib", and "MatrixLib". The matrix library is dependent on the functions from these other two libraries, but they are stripped down to only include the functions used by the MatrixLib library.
When you have the code in your script (pasted somewhere below the "study()" call), you can create a matrix by calling one of the constructor functions. All functions in this library start with "matrix_", and all constructors start with either "create" or "copy". I suggest you read through the code though. The functions have very descriptive names, and a short description of what each function does is included in a header comment directly above it. The functions generally come in the following order:
Constructors: These are used to create matrices (empy with no rows or columns, set shape filled with 0s, from a time series or an array, and so on).
Getters and setters: These are used to get data from a matrix (like the value of an element or a full row or column).
Matrix manipulations: These functions manipulate the matrix in some way (for example, functions to append columns or rows to a matrix).
Matrix operations: These are the matrix operations. They include things like basic math operations for two indices, to transposing a matrix.
Decompositions and solvers: Next up are functions to solve systems of linear equations. These include LU and QR decomposition and solvers, and functions for calculating the pseudo-inverse or inverse of a matrix.
Multiple Linear Regression: Lastly, we find an implementation of a multiple linear regression, including all the standard statistics one can expect to find in most statistical software packages.
Are there any working examples of how to use the library?
Yes, at the very end of the script, there is an example that plots the predictions from a multiple linear regression with two independent (explanatory) X variables, regressing the chart data (the Y variable) on these X variables. You can look at this code to see a real-world example of how to use the code in this library.
Are there any limitations?
There are no hard limiations, but the matrices uses arrays, so the number of elements can never exceed the number of elements supported by Pine Script (minus 2, since two elements are used internally by the library to store row and column count). Some of the operations do use a lot of resources though, and as a result, some things can not be done without timing out. This can vary from time to time as well, as this is primarily dependent on the available resources from the Pine Script servers. For instance, the multiple linear regression cannot be used with a lookback window above 10 or 12 most of the time, if the statistics are reported. If no statistics are reported (and therefore not calculated), the lookback window can usually be extended to around 60-80 bars before the servers time out the execution.
Hopefully the dev-team at TradingView sees this script and find ways to implement this functionality diretly into Pine Script, as that would speed up many of the operations and make things like MLR (multiple linear regression) possible on a bigger lookback window.
Some parting words
This library has taken a few months to write, and I have taken all the steps I can think of to test it for bugs. Some may have slipped through anyway, so please let me know if you find any, and I'll try my best to fix them when I have time to do so. This library is intended to help the community. Therefore, I am releasing the library as open source, in the hopes that people may improving on it, or using it in their own work. If you do make something cool with this, or if you find ways to improve the code, please let me know in the comments.
