UKX components
The FTSE 100 Index constituents can be found in the table below. Sort UKX stock components by various financial metrics and data such as performance, dividends, income statement and balance sheet.
Symbol | Market cap | Price | Change % | Volume | Rel Volume | P/E | EPS dil TTM | EPS dil growth TTM YoY | Div yield % TTM | Sector | Analyst Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 AZNAstraZeneca PLC | 218.75 B USD | 10,336 GBX | +1.29% | 924.88 K | 0.39 | 26.40 | 5.06 USD | +21.43% | 2.38% | Health technology | Strong buy |
 HSBAHSBC HOLDINGS PLC ORD USD0.50 | 211.06 B USD | 885.9 GBX | +0.12% | 5.22 M | 0.30 | 10.44 | 1.10 USD | −7.40% | 5.76% | Finance | Neutral |
 SHELSHELL PLC ORD EUR0.07 | 211.04 B USD | 2,628.0 GBX | +0.29% | 2.9 M | 0.28 | 15.49 | 2.19 USD | −20.77% | 4.09% | Energy minerals | Buy |
 ULVRUNILEVER PLC ORD GBP0.031111 | 150.86 B USD | 4,505 GBX | +0.38% | 1.06 M | 0.31 | 23.16 | 2.43 USD | −12.77% | 3.29% | Consumer non-durables | Buy |
 RR.ROLLS ROYCE HOLDINGS ORD GBP0.20 | 111.05 B USD | 962.6 GBX | +0.86% | 13.39 M | 0.52 | 32.35 | 0.37 USD | +3.69% | 0.62% | Electronic technology | Buy |
 BATSBRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO ORD GBP0.25 | 105.8 B USD | 3,543 GBX | +0.37% | 1.73 M | 0.32 | 26.30 | 1.69 USD | — | 6.71% | Consumer non-durables | Buy |
 RIORIO TINTO ORD GBP0.10 | 99.41 B USD | 4,266.5 GBX | −0.69% | 1.17 M | 0.38 | 7.71 | 6.93 USD | +11.60% | 7.24% | Non-energy minerals | Buy |
 RELRELX PLC ORD GBP0.1444 | 97.43 B USD | 3,899 GBX | −0.03% | 964.17 K | 0.34 | 37.84 | 1.29 USD | +10.10% | 1.62% | Commercial services | Buy |
 BP.BP ORD USD0.25 | 80.53 B USD | 379.25 GBX | +0.13% | 13.8 M | 0.30 | — | −0.08 USD | −114.07% | 6.44% | Energy minerals | Neutral |
 GSKGSK PLC ORD GBP0.3125 | 77.55 B USD | 1,405.0 GBX | +0.79% | 4.01 M | 0.35 | 18.42 | 0.99 USD | −30.14% | 4.41% | Health technology | Neutral |
 LSEGLONDON STOCK EXCHANGE GROUP ORD GBP0.06918604 | 76.87 B USD | 10,700 GBX | −0.79% | 362.99 K | 0.21 | 83.57 | 1.60 USD | −7.29% | 1.21% | Technology services | Strong buy |
 BA.BAE SYSTEMS ORD GBP0.025 | 75.17 B USD | 1,879.5 GBX | +0.16% | 2.05 M | 0.20 | 29.34 | 0.80 USD | +5.99% | 1.76% | Electronic technology | Buy |
 NG.NATIONAL GRID ORD GBP0.12431289 | 70.04 B USD | 1,047.0 GBX | +0.53% | 5.88 M | 0.47 | 17.37 | 0.78 USD | +6.20% | 4.46% | Utilities | Buy |
 BARCBARCLAYS PLC ORD GBP0.25 | 63.81 B USD | 330.50 GBX | −0.56% | 15.48 M | 0.43 | 5.82 | 0.73 USD | +110.57% | 2.54% | Finance | Buy |
 LLOYLLOYDS BANKING GROUP ORD GBP0.1 | 61.53 B USD | 75.36 GBX | −0.69% | 65.46 M | 0.54 | — | — | — | 4.21% | Finance | Buy |
 DGEDIAGEO PLC ORD GBP0.28 101/108 | 57.89 B USD | 1,908.5 GBX | −0.18% | 2.8 M | 0.52 | 15.13 | 1.58 USD | −11.33% | 4.19% | Consumer non-durables | Buy |
 CPGCOMPASS GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.1105 | 57.84 B USD | 2,497 GBX | −0.28% | 1.88 M | 0.53 | 37.00 | 0.87 USD | −14.67% | 1.93% | Consumer services | Buy |
 NWGNATWEST GROUP PLC ORD GBP1.0769 | 53.34 B USD | 483.2 GBX | −1.19% | 12.35 M | 0.37 | 8.30 | 0.75 USD | +29.45% | 4.45% | Finance | Buy |
 III3I GROUP ORD GBP0.738636 | 53.26 B USD | 4,042 GBX | −0.88% | 265.95 K | 0.15 | 7.77 | 6.72 USD | +31.17% | 1.81% | Miscellaneous | Buy |
 GLENGLENCORE PLC ORD USD0.01 | 49.14 B USD | 302.85 GBX | −1.09% | 18.33 M | 0.29 | — | −0.13 USD | −138.02% | 2.87% | Distribution services | Strong buy |
 EXPNEXPERIAN PLC ORD USD0.10 | 47.68 B USD | 3,821 GBX | −0.26% | 550.02 K | 0.21 | 38.53 | 1.28 USD | −4.31% | 1.24% | Commercial services | Buy |
 RKTRECKITT BENCKISER GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.10 | 46.91 B USD | 5,060 GBX | −0.35% | 308.11 K | 0.27 | 25.00 | 2.53 USD | −11.04% | 3.99% | Consumer non-durables | Buy |
 HLNHALEON PLC ORD GBP0.01 | 46.34 B USD | 377.9 GBX | +1.29% | 20.58 M | 0.74 | 24.04 | 0.20 USD | +38.87% | 1.75% | Health technology | Buy |
 CCEPCOCA-COLA EUROPACIFIC PARTNERS ORD EUR0.01 (DI) | 44.47 B USD | 7,130 GBX | +2.00% | 62.14 K | 0.23 | 26.81 | 3.33 USD | −13.87% | 2.21% | Consumer non-durables | Buy |
 STANSTANDARD CHARTERED PLC ORD USD0.50 | 38.09 B USD | 1,207.0 GBX | −0.70% | 3.02 M | 0.53 | 10.44 | 1.49 USD | +30.07% | 2.38% | Finance | Neutral |
 TSCOTESCO ORD GBP0.0633333 | 36.18 B USD | 405.5 GBX | +0.12% | 15.94 M | 0.79 | 17.26 | 0.30 USD | +136.66% | 3.38% | Retail trade | Buy |
 AALANGLO AMERICAN ORD USD0.623855311355311 | 32.43 B USD | 2,202 GBX | −1.87% | 874.37 K | 0.31 | — | −2.80 USD | −1,112.55% | 2.50% | Non-energy minerals | Buy |
 PRUPRUDENTIAL PLC GBP0.05 | 31.63 B USD | 902.2 GBX | −1.25% | 3.22 M | 0.52 | 13.85 | 0.82 USD | +30.67% | 1.94% | Finance | Strong buy |
 IMBIMPERIAL BRANDS PLC GBP0.10 | 31.57 B USD | 2,849 GBX | 0.00% | 798.67 K | 0.28 | 9.51 | 3.87 USD | +30.08% | 5.39% | Consumer non-durables | Buy |
 SSESSE PLC GBP0.50 | 28.05 B USD | 1,868.5 GBX | +0.16% | 1.1 M | 0.34 | 17.27 | 1.40 USD | −30.94% | 3.28% | Utilities | Strong buy |
 AHTASHTEAD GROUP ORD GBP0.10 | 27.63 B USD | 4,742 GBX | −1.19% | 432.85 K | 0.39 | 17.61 | 3.59 USD | −7.05% | 2.04% | Finance | Buy |
 VODVODAFONE GROUP ORD USD0.2095238 | 27.21 B USD | 81.62 GBX | +3.00% | 72.89 M | 0.73 | — | −0.18 USD | −489.78% | 4.63% | Communications | Neutral |
 BT.ABT GROUP ORD GBP0.05 | 26.29 B USD | 196.70 GBX | +0.67% | 4.45 M | 0.18 | 18.59 | 0.14 USD | +25.80% | 4.11% | Communications | Neutral |
 ANTOANTOFAGASTA PLC ORD GBP0.05 | 25.52 B USD | 1,897.0 GBX | −1.91% | 827.13 K | 0.71 | 28.92 | 0.82 USD | −3.57% | 1.25% | Non-energy minerals | Buy |
 AV.AVIVA ORD GBP0.328947368 | 25.44 B USD | 613.4 GBX | −0.45% | 3.13 M | 0.29 | 26.31 | 0.29 USD | −38.14% | 5.82% | Finance | Buy |
 IAGINTERNATIONAL CONSOLIDATED AIRLINE ORD EUR0.10 (CDI) | 22.07 B USD | 346.6 GBX | +0.23% | 7.45 M | 0.34 | 7.91 | 0.55 USD | +0.39% | 2.07% | Transportation | Buy |
 ABFASSOCIATED BRITISH FOODS PLC ORD 5 15/22P | 20.26 B USD | 2,078 GBX | +0.29% | 323.17 K | 0.32 | 11.72 | 2.23 USD | +14.68% | 3.03% | Consumer non-durables | Neutral |
| CCHCOCA-COLA HBC AG ORD CHF6.70(CDI) | 20 B USD | 4,032 GBX | +1.72% | 428.15 K | 0.36 | 21.15 | 2.38 USD | +26.43% | 2.15% | Consumer non-durables | Buy |
 NXTNEXT ORD GBP0.10 | 19.44 B USD | 12,205 GBX | −0.93% | 86.11 K | 0.35 | 20.16 | 7.50 USD | −7.65% | 1.77% | Retail trade | Buy |
 LGENLEGAL & GENERAL GROUP ORD GBP0.025 | 19.37 B USD | 249.5 GBX | −0.52% | 8.22 M | 0.51 | 88.16 | 0.04 USD | −59.16% | 8.56% | Finance | Buy |
 IHGINTERCONTINENTAL HOTELS GROUP ORD GBP0.208521303 | 18.17 B USD | 8,660 GBX | −0.16% | 129.79 K | 0.26 | 28.69 | 3.78 USD | −14.97% | 1.46% | Consumer services | Neutral |
 HLMAHALMA ORD GBP0.10 | 16.4 B USD | 3,182 GBX | +0.32% | 203.74 K | 0.29 | 40.71 | 1.01 USD | +10.12% | 0.70% | Electronic technology | Neutral |
 SMTScottish Mortgage Investment Trust PlcCEF | 16.25 B USD | 1,026.0 GBX | −1.30% | 717.08 K | 0.29 | 10.85 | 1.22 USD | −2.79% | 0.43% | Miscellaneous | Strong buy |
 SGETHE SAGE GROUP PLC GBP0.01051948 | 15.9 B USD | 1,212.0 GBX | −0.08% | 4.23 M | 1.04 | 35.36 | 0.44 USD | +33.23% | 1.73% | Technology services | Buy |
 FRESFRESNILLO PLC ORD USD0.50 | 15.04 B USD | 1,495 GBX | +2.40% | 713.97 K | 0.47 | 99.73 | 0.19 USD | −41.10% | 1.65% | Non-energy minerals | Buy |
 INFINFORMA PLC ORD GBP0.001 | 14.29 B USD | 807.8 GBX | −1.00% | 1.59 M | 0.36 | 36.47 | 0.28 USD | −25.85% | 2.48% | Technology services | Strong buy |
 ADMADMIRAL GROUP ORD GBP0.001 | 14 B USD | 3,348 GBX | +0.36% | 748.63 K | 0.84 | 15.46 | 2.71 USD | +95.90% | 5.73% | Finance | Buy |
 SN.SMITH & NEPHEW PLC ORD USD0.20 | 13.27 B USD | 1,111.5 GBX | +0.41% | 399.88 K | 0.22 | 30.18 | 0.46 USD | +51.56% | 2.60% | Health technology | Buy |
 SGROSEGRO PLC ORD GBP0.10REIT | 12.35 B USD | 669.2 GBX | −0.68% | 620.69 K | 0.26 | 15.06 | 0.56 USD | — | 4.38% | Finance | Buy |
 RTORENTOKIL INITIAL ORD GBP0.01 | 12.05 B USD | 351.2 GBX | −0.68% | 1.21 M | 0.22 | 28.93 | 0.15 USD | −19.50% | 2.59% | Commercial services | Buy |
 SVTSEVERN TRENT ORD GBP0.9789 | 11.04 B USD | 2,690 GBX | −0.22% | 357.11 K | 0.60 | 35.20 | 0.99 USD | +50.29% | 4.52% | Utilities | Neutral |
 CNACENTRICA ORD GBP0.061728395 | 10.43 B USD | 159.70 GBX | +0.88% | 6.95 M | 0.28 | 6.46 | 0.31 USD | −63.55% | 2.82% | Utilities | Buy |
 BNZLBUNZL ORD GBP0.32142857 | 10.4 B USD | 2,340 GBX | +0.09% | 331 K | 0.30 | 15.74 | 1.86 USD | −4.70% | 3.16% | Distribution services | Neutral |
 UU.UNITED UTILITIES GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.05 | 10.4 B USD | 1,117.5 GBX | −0.31% | 1.19 M | 0.72 | 28.86 | 0.50 USD | +109.64% | 4.64% | Utilities | Buy |
 ITRKINTERTEK GROUP ORD GBP0.01 | 10.36 B USD | 4,834 GBX | +0.04% | 188.78 K | 0.40 | 22.73 | 2.66 USD | +16.00% | 3.24% | Commercial services | Buy |
 PSHPershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Public Class USD Accum.ShsCEF | 10.16 B USD | 4,140 GBX | +0.49% | 104.54 K | 0.37 | 8.28 | 6.25 USD | −52.73% | 1.11% | Miscellaneous | — |
 SMINSMITHS GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.375 | 10.05 B USD | 2,232 GBX | −0.89% | 245.65 K | 0.21 | 25.16 | 1.10 USD | +32.66% | 1.99% | Producer manufacturing | Buy |
 AUTOAUTO TRADER GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.01 | 9.65 B USD | 810.4 GBX | −1.12% | 585.17 K | 0.28 | 25.68 | 0.41 USD | +12.43% | 1.22% | Technology services | Neutral |
 MKSMARKS & SPENCER GROUP ORD GBP0.01 | 9.46 B USD | 343.8 GBX | −0.41% | 3.35 M | 0.35 | 24.54 | 0.18 USD | −32.55% | 1.05% | Retail trade | Buy |
 PSONPEARSON ORD GBP0.25 | 9.43 B USD | 1,070.0 GBX | −0.60% | 917.67 K | 0.48 | 16.86 | 0.79 USD | +20.40% | 2.24% | Consumer services | Buy |
 MROMELROSE INDUSTRIES PLC ORD GBP0.001 | 9.07 B USD | 522.6 GBX | −0.42% | 1.54 M | 0.40 | — | −0.05 USD | −24.01% | 1.15% | Electronic technology | Buy |
 AAFAIRTEL AFRICA PLC ORD USD0.5 | 8.89 B USD | 178.2 GBX | −2.14% | 1.33 M | 0.14 | 38.16 | 0.06 USD | — | 2.75% | Communications | Buy |
 DPLMDIPLOMA PLC ORD GBP0.05 | 8.86 B USD | 4,842 GBX | −0.74% | 100.5 K | 0.34 | 38.94 | 1.61 USD | +44.21% | 1.24% | Distribution services | Buy |
 PHNXPHOENIX GROUP HOLDINGS PLC ORD GBP0.10 | 8.83 B USD | 647.5 GBX | −0.08% | 2.31 M | 0.75 | — | −1.40 USD | — | 8.34% | Finance | Buy |
 WEIRWEIR GROUP ORD GBP0.125 | 8.79 B USD | 2,500 GBX | −0.95% | 167.13 K | 0.29 | 20.78 | 1.51 USD | +37.20% | 1.60% | Producer manufacturing | Strong buy |
 SBRYSAINSBURY(J) ORD GBP0.28571428 | 8.78 B USD | 283.8 GBX | +0.92% | 5.54 M | 0.65 | 19.36 | 0.18 USD | +156.29% | 4.79% | Retail trade | Buy |
 STJST JAMES'S PLACE PLC ORD GBP0.15 | 8.45 B USD | 1,168.5 GBX | −0.72% | 463.33 K | 0.28 | 16.10 | 0.91 USD | — | 1.54% | Finance | Buy |
 MNGM&G PLC ORD GBP0.05 | 8.25 B USD | 255.2 GBX | −0.47% | 2.73 M | 0.39 | — | −0.19 USD | −222.50% | 7.88% | Finance | Buy |
 BTRWBARRATT REDROW PLC ORD GBP0.10 | 8.22 B USD | 422.7 GBX | −2.56% | 3.38 M | 0.67 | 41.20 | 0.13 USD | −54.22% | 4.09% | Consumer durables | Strong buy |
 RMVRIGHTMOVE ORD GBP0.001 | 8.15 B USD | 774.0 GBX | −0.41% | 646.42 K | 0.39 | 31.84 | 0.30 USD | −0.49% | 1.27% | Technology services | Neutral |
 ENTENTAIN PLC ORD EUR0.01 | 8 B USD | 916.2 GBX | −0.02% | 541.26 K | 0.24 | — | −0.89 USD | +53.23% | 2.03% | Consumer services | Buy |
 WPPWPP PLC ORD GBP0.10 | 7.72 B USD | 524.2 GBX | −1.76% | 1.58 M | 0.39 | 10.48 | 0.63 USD | +394.17% | 7.52% | Commercial services | Neutral |
 SDRSCHRODERS PLC ORD GBP0.20 | 7.68 B USD | 363.0 GBX | −2.16% | 9.14 M | 3.03 | 13.97 | 0.33 USD | +7.36% | 5.92% | Finance | Neutral |
 BEZBEAZLEY PLC (UK) ORD GBP0.05 | 7.61 B USD | 910.0 GBX | −0.66% | 1.24 M | 0.65 | 6.82 | 1.67 USD | +9.91% | 2.75% | Finance | Strong buy |
 EDVENDEAVOUR MINING PLC ORD USD0.01 | 7.49 B USD | 2,288 GBX | +1.15% | 276.53 K | 0.41 | — | −0.40 USD | −64.16% | 3.27% | Non-energy minerals | Strong buy |
 ICGINTERMEDIATE CAPITAL GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.2625 | 7.41 B USD | 1,920 GBX | −2.04% | 346.2 K | 0.32 | 12.49 | 1.99 USD | −7.72% | 4.32% | Finance | Buy |
 BABBABCOCK INTERNATIONAL GROUP ORD GBP0.60 | 7.38 B USD | 1,073 GBX | −1.20% | 1.09 M | 0.26 | 22.34 | 0.62 USD | +49.38% | 0.49% | Producer manufacturing | Strong buy |
 CTECCONVATEC GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.1 | 7.36 B USD | 264.2 GBX | −0.45% | 18.55 M | 2.41 | 36.49 | 0.09 USD | +41.96% | 1.92% | Health technology | Buy |
 FCITF&C Investment Trust PLC GBPCEF | 7.34 B USD | 1,117 GBX | −0.62% | 162.33 K | 0.53 | 5.55 | 2.52 USD | +94.70% | 1.40% | Miscellaneous | — |
 MNDIMONDI PLC ORD EUR0.22 | 7.21 B USD | 1,199.0 GBX | −2.32% | 950.49 K | 0.79 | 28.79 | 0.52 USD | −65.03% | 4.97% | Process industries | Buy |
 GAWGAMES WORKSHOP GROUP ORD GBP0.05 | 7.15 B USD | 15,880 GBX | 0.00% | 18.57 K | 0.31 | 29.95 | 6.75 USD | +25.25% | 3.27% | Consumer durables | Strong buy |
 IMIIMI ORD GBP0.28571428 | 7.12 B USD | 2,110 GBX | −0.66% | 450.58 K | 0.49 | 22.07 | 1.20 USD | +4.88% | 1.47% | Producer manufacturing | Strong buy |
 WTBWHITBREAD ORD GBP0.76797385 | 6.97 B USD | 2,934 GBX | −0.03% | 918.18 K | 1.08 | 21.06 | 1.75 USD | −11.09% | 3.31% | Consumer services | Buy |
 KGFKINGFISHER ORD GBP0.157142857 | 6.85 B USD | 286.6 GBX | −1.68% | 2.76 M | 0.44 | 29.55 | 0.12 USD | −45.99% | 4.33% | Retail trade | Neutral |
 ALWAlliance Witan PLCCEF | 6.67 B USD | 1,236 GBX | −0.64% | 228.8 K | 0.53 | 7.81 | 1.98 USD | −24.11% | 2.16% | Miscellaneous | — |
 DCCDCC ORD EUR0.25 (CDI) | 6.48 B USD | 4,824 GBX | −0.54% | 156.54 K | 0.49 | 23.14 | 2.69 USD | −36.81% | 4.28% | Utilities | Buy |
 LMPLONDONMETRIC PROPERTY PLC ORD GBP0.10REIT | 6.28 B USD | 197.8 GBX | −0.10% | 3.59 M | 0.33 | 11.60 | 0.22 USD | +61.00% | 6.07% | Finance | Strong buy |
 JD.JD SPORTS FASHION PLC ORD GBP0.0005 | 6.25 B USD | 90.04 GBX | −1.34% | 10.09 M | 0.36 | 9.48 | 0.12 USD | −9.00% | 1.11% | Retail trade | Buy |
 SPXSPIRAX GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.269230769 | 6.2 B USD | 6,170 GBX | −0.16% | 90.01 K | 0.45 | 23.85 | 3.24 USD | +4.00% | 2.67% | Producer manufacturing | Buy |
 HWDNHOWDEN JOINERY GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.10 | 6.18 B USD | 831.5 GBX | −2.06% | 787.82 K | 0.50 | 18.32 | 0.57 USD | −1.92% | 2.55% | Consumer durables | Buy |
 LANDLAND SECURITIES GROUP PLC ORD GBP0.106666666REIT | 6.07 B USD | 598.5 GBX | −0.33% | 1.12 M | 0.40 | 11.29 | 0.68 USD | — | 6.75% | Finance | Buy |
 HIKHIKMA PHARMACEUTICALS ORD GBP0.10 | 5.95 B USD | 1,979 GBX | −0.35% | 760.19 K | 1.48 | 15.70 | 1.58 USD | +82.81% | 3.13% | Health technology | Buy |
 PCTPolar Capital Technology Trust PLCCEF | 5.76 B USD | 364.5 GBX | −0.82% | 864.57 K | 0.40 | 3.64 | 1.29 USD | +146.67% | 0.00% | Miscellaneous | — |
 HSXHISCOX ORD GBP0.065 (DI) | 5.75 B USD | 1,251 GBX | −0.40% | 757.05 K | 0.46 | 8.99 | 1.74 USD | −13.94% | 2.62% | Finance | Buy |
 CRDACRODA INTERNATIONAL ORD GBP0.10609756 | 5.73 B USD | 3,008 GBX | −1.28% | 232.93 K | 0.57 | 26.51 | 1.42 USD | −7.24% | 3.66% | Process industries | Buy |
 TW.TAYLOR WIMPEY PLC ORD GBP0.01 | 5.46 B USD | 113.05 GBX | −1.61% | 12.98 M | 0.55 | 18.29 | 0.08 USD | −37.39% | 8.37% | Consumer durables | Buy |
 UTGUNITE GROUP ORD GBP0.25REIT | 5.44 B USD | 815.5 GBX | −0.61% | 714.39 K | 0.73 | 8.49 | 1.20 USD | +273.15% | 4.57% | Finance | Strong buy |
 EZJEASYJET ORD GBP0.27285714 | 5.39 B USD | 522.8 GBX | −1.66% | 15.4 M | 2.94 | 9.63 | 0.70 USD | +9.95% | 2.31% | Transportation | Buy |
 PSNPERSIMMON ORD GBP0.10 | 5.29 B USD | 1,210.0 GBX | −1.35% | 889.33 K | 0.51 | 14.64 | 1.03 USD | +3.91% | 4.96% | Consumer durables | Buy |
 BKGBERKELEY GROUP HLDGS ORD GBP0.05611047 | 4.8 B USD | 3,586 GBX | −2.40% | 466.52 K | 0.58 | 9.69 | 4.93 USD | −3.79% | 1.87% | Consumer durables | Neutral |