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Delta Volume Columns Pro [LucF]█  OVERVIEW This indicator displays volume​​ delta information calculated with intrabar inspection on historical bars, and feed updates when running in realtime. It is designed to run in a pane and can display either stacked buy/sell volume​ columns or a signal line which can be calculated and displayed in many different ways. Five different models are offered to reveal different characteristics of the calculated volume​ delta information. Many options are offered to visualize the calculations, giving you much leeway in morphing the indicator's visuals to suit your needs. If you value delta volume​ information, I hope you will find the time required to master Delta Volume​ Columns Pro well worth the investment. I am confident that if you combine a proper understanding of the indicator's information with an intimate knowledge of the volume​ idiosyncrasies on the markets you trade, you can extract useful market intelligence using this tool. █  WARNINGS 1. The indicator only works on markets where volume​ information is available,   Please validate that your symbol's feed carries volume​ information before asking me why the indicator doesn't plot values. 2. When you refresh your chart or re-execute the script on the chart, the indicator will repaint because elapsed realtime bars will then recalculate as historical bars. 3. Because the indicator uses different modes of calculation on historical and realtime bars, it's critical that you understand the differences between them. Details are provided further down. 4. Calculations using intrabar inspection on historical bars can only be done from some chart timeframes. See further down for a list of supported timeframes.   If the chart's timeframe is not supported, no historical volume​ delta will display. █  CONCEPTS Chart bars Three different types of bars are used in charts:  1. Historical bars are bars that have already closed when the script executes on them.  2. The realtime bar is the current, incomplete bar where a script is running on an open market. There is only one active realtime bar on your chart at any given time.    The realtime bar is where alerts trigger.  3. Elapsed realtime bars are bars that were calculated when they were realtime bars but have since closed.    When a script re-executes on a chart because the browser tab is refreshed or some of its inputs are changed, elapsed realtime bars are recalculated as historical bars. Why does this indicator use two modes of calculation? Historical bars on TradingView charts contain OHLCV data only, which is insufficient to calculate volume​ delta on them with any level of precision. To mine more detailed information from those bars we look at intrabars , i.e., bars from a smaller timeframe (we call it the intrabar timeframe ) that are contained in one chart bar. If your chart Is running at 1D on a 24x7 market for example, most 1D chart bars will contain 24 underlying 1H bars in their dilation. On historical bars, this indicator looks at those intrabars to amass volume​ delta information. If the intrabar is up, its volume​ goes in the Buy bin, and inversely for the Sell bin. When price does not move on an intrabar, the polarity of the last known movement is used to determine in which bin its volume​ goes. In realtime, we have access to price and volume​ change for each update of the chart. Because a 1D chart bar can be updated tens of thousands of times during the day, volume​ delta calculations on those updates is much more precise. This precision, however, comes at a price:  — The script must be running on the chart for it to keep calculating in realtime.  — If you refresh your chart you will lose all accumulated realtime calculations on elapsed realtime bars, and the realtime bar.   Elapsed realtime bars will recalculate as historical bars, i.e., using intrabar inspection, and the realtime bar's calculations will reset.   When the script recalculates elapsed realtime bars as historical bars, the values on those bars will change, which means the script repaints in those conditions.  — When the indicator first calculates on a chart containing an incomplete realtime bar, it will count ALL the existing volume​ on the bar as Buy or Sell volume​,   depending on the polarity of the bar at that point. This will skew calculations for that first bar. Scripts have no access to the history of a realtime bar's previous updates,   and intrabar inspection cannot be used on realtime bars, so this is the only to go about this.  — Even if alerts only trigger upon confirmation of their conditions after the realtime bar closes, they are repainting alerts   because they would perhaps not have calculated the same way using intrabar inspection.  — On markets like stocks that often have different EOD​ and intraday feeds and volume​ information,   the volume's scale may not be the same for the realtime bar if your chart is at 1D, for example,   and the indicator is using an intraday timeframe to calculate on historical bars.  — Any chart timeframe can be used in realtime mode, but plots that include moving averages in their calculations may require many elapsed realtime bars before they can calculate.   You might prefer drastically reducing the periods of the moving averages, or using the volume​ columns mode, which displays instant values, instead of the line. Volume Delta Balances This indicator uses a variety of methods to evaluate five volume​ delta balances and derive other values from those balances. The five balances are: 1 — On Bar Balance : This is the only balance using instant values; it is simply the subtraction of the Sell volume​ from the Buy volume​ on the bar. 2 — Average Balance : Calculates a distinct EMA for both the Buy and Sell volumes, and subtracts the Sell EMA from the Buy EMA. 3 — Momentum Balance : Starts by calculating, separately for both Buy and Sell volumes, the difference between the same EMAs used in "Average Balance" and   an SMA of double the period used for the "Average Balance" EMAs. The difference for the Sell side is subtracted from the difference for the Buy side,   and an RSI of that value is calculated and brought over the −50/+50 scale. 4 — Relative Balance : The reference values used in the calculation are the Buy and Sell EMAs used in the "Average Balance".   From those, we calculate two intermediate values using how much the instant Buy and Sell volumes on the bar exceed their respective EMA — but with a twist.   If the bar's Buy volume​ does not exceed the EMA of Buy volume​, a zero value is used. The same goes for the Sell volume​ with the EMA of Sell volume​.   Once we have our two intermediate values for the Buy and Sell volumes exceeding their respective MA, we subtract them. The final "Relative Balance" value is an ALMA of that subtraction.   The rationale behind using zero values when the bar's Buy/Sell volume​ does not exceed its EMA is to only take into account the more significant volume​.   If both instant volume​ values exceed their MA, then the difference between the two is the signal's value.   The signal is called "relative" because the intermediate values are the difference between the instant Buy/Sell volumes and their respective MA.   This balance flatlines when the bar's Buy/Sell volumes do not exceed their EMAs, which makes it useful to spot areas where trader interest dwindles, such as consolidations.   The smaller the period of the final value's ALMA, the more easily you will see the balance flatline. These flat zones should be considered no-trade zones. 5 — Percent Balance : This balance is the ALMA of the ratio of the "On Bar Balance" value, i.e., the volume​ delta balance on the bar (which can be positive or negative),   over the total volume for that bar. From the balances and marker conditions, two more values are calculated: 1 — Marker Bias : It sums the up/down (+1/‒1) occurrences of the markers 1 to 4 over a period you define, so it ranges from −4 to +4, times the period.   Its calculation will depend on the modes used to calculate markers 3 and 4. 2 — Combined Balances : This is the sum of the bull/bear (+1/−1) states of each of the five balances, so it ranges from −5 to +5. █  FEATURES The indicator has two main modes of operation: Columns and Line . Columns • In Columns mode you can display stacked Buy/Sell volume​ columns. • The buy section always appears above the centerline, the sell section below. • The top and bottom sections can be colored independently using eight different methods. • The EMAs of the Buy/Sell values can be displayed (these are the same EMAs used to calculate the "Average Balance"). Line • Displays one of seven signals: the five balances or one of two complementary values, i.e., the "Marker Bias" or the "Combined Balances". • You can color the line and its fill using independent calculation modes to pack more information in the display.  You can thus appraise the state of 3 different values using the line itself, its color and the color of its fill. • A "Divergence Levels" feature will use the line to automatically draw expanding levels on divergence events. Default settings Using the indicator's default settings, this is the information displayed: • The line is calculated on the "Average Balance". • The line's color is determined by the bull/bear state of the "Percent Balance". • The line's fill gradient is determined by the advances/declines of the "Momentum Balance". • The orange divergence dots are calculated using discrepancies between the polarity of the "On Bar Balance" and the chart's bar. • The divergence levels are determined using the line's level when a divergence occurs. • The background's fill gradient is calculated on advances/declines of the "Marker Bias". • The chart bars are colored using advances/declines of the "Relative Balance". Divergences are shown in orange. • The intrabar timeframe is automatically determined from the chart's timeframe so that a minimum of 50 intrabars are used to calculate volume​ delta on historical bars. Alerts The configuration of the marker conditions explained further is what determines the conditions that will trigger alerts created from this script. Note that simply selecting the display of markers does not create alerts. To create an alert on this script, you must use ALT-A from the chart. You can create multiple alerts triggering on different conditions from this same script; simply configure the markers so they define the trigger conditions for each alert before creating the alert. The configuration of the script's inputs is saved with the alert, so from then on you can change them without affecting the alert. Alert messages will mention the marker(s) that triggered the specific alert event. Keep in mind, when creating alerts on small chart timeframes, that discrepancies between alert triggers and markers displayed on your chart are to be expected. This is because the alert and your chart are running two distinct instances of the indicator on different servers and different feeds. Also keep in mind that while alerts only trigger on confirmed conditions, they are calculated using realtime calculation mode, which entails that if you refresh your chart and elapsed realtime bars recalculate as historical bars using intrabar inspection, markers will not appear in the same places they appeared in realtime. So it's important to understand that even though the alert conditions are confirmed when they trigger, these alerts will repaint. Let's go through the sections of the script's inputs. Columns The size of the Buy/Sell columns always represents their respective importance on the bar, but the coloring mode for tops and bottoms is independent. The default setup uses a standard coloring mode where the Buy/Sell columns are always in the bull/bear color with a higher intensity for the winning side. Seven other coloring modes allow you to pack more information in the columns. When choosing to color the top columns using a bull/bear gradient on "Average Balance", for example, you will have bull/bear colored tops. In order for the color of the bottom columns to continue to show the instant bar balance, you can then choose the "On Bar Balance — Dual Solid Colors" coloring mode to make those bars the color of the winning side for that bar. You can display the averages of the Buy and Sell columns. If you do, its coloring is controlled through the "Line" and "Line fill" sections below. Line and Line fill You can select the calculation mode and the thickness of the line, and independent calculations to determine the line's color and fill. Zero Line The zero line can display dots when all five balances are bull/bear. Divergences You first select the detection mode. Divergences occur whenever the up/down direction of the signal does not match the up/down polarity of the bar. Divergences are used in three components of the indicator's visuals: the orange dot, colored chart bars, and to calculate the divergence levels on the line. The divergence levels are dynamic levels that automatically build from the line's values on divergence events. On consecutive divergences, the levels will expand, creating a channel. This implementation of the divergence levels corresponds to my view that divergences indicate anomalies, hesitations, points of uncertainty if you will. It precludes any attempt to identify a directional bias to divergences. Accordingly, the levels merely take note of divergence events and mark those points in time with levels. Traders then have a reference point from which they can evaluate further movement. The bull/bear/neutral colors used to plot the levels are also congruent with this view in that they are determined by the line's position relative to the levels, which is how I think divergences can be put to the most effective use. One of the coloring modes for the line's fill uses advances/declines in the line after divergence events. Background The background can show a bull/bear gradient on six different calculations. As with other gradients, you can adjust its brightness to make its importance proportional to how you use it in your analysis. Chart bars Chart bars can be colored using seven different methods. You have the option of emptying the body of bars where volume​ does not increase, as does my TLD indicator, and you can choose whether you want to show divergences. Intrabar Timeframe This is the intrabar timeframe that will be used to calculate volume​ delta using intrabar inspection on historical bars. You can choose between four modes. The three "Auto-steps" modes calculate, from the chart's timeframe, the intrabar timeframe where the said number of intrabars will make up the dilation of chart bars. Adjustments are made for non-24x7 markets. "Fixed" mode allows you to select the intrabar timeframe you want. Checking the "Show TF" box will display in the lower-right corner the intrabar timeframe used at any given moment. The proper selection of the intrabar timeframe is important. It must achieve maximal granularity to produce precise results while not unduly slowing down calculations, or worse, causing runtime errors. Note that historical depth will vary with the intrabar timeframe. The smaller the timeframe, the shallower historical plots you will be. Markers Markers appear when the required condition has been confirmed on a closed bar. The configuration of the markers when you create an alert is what determines when the alert will trigger. Five markers are available: • Balances Agreement : All five balances are either bullish​ or bearish​. • Double Bumps : A double bump is two consecutive up/down bars with +/‒ volume​​ delta, and rising Buy/Sell volume​ above its average. • Divergence confirmations : A divergence is confirmed up/down when the chosen balance is up/down on the previous bar when that bar was down/up, and this bar is up/down. • Balance Shifts : These are bull/bear transitions of the selected signal. • Marker Bias Shifts : Marker bias shifts occur when it crosses into bull/bear territory. Periods Allows control over the periods of the different moving averages used to calculate the balances. Volume​ Discrepancies Stock exchanges do not report the same volume​ for intraday and daily (or higher) resolutions. Other variations in how volume​ information is reported can also occur in other markets, namely Forex, where volume​ irregularities can even occur between different intraday timeframes. This will cause discrepancies between the total volume​ on the bar at the chart's timeframe, and the total volume​​ calculated by adding the volume​​ of the intrabars in that bar's dilation. This does not necessarily invalidate the volume​​ delta information calculated from intrabars, but it tells us that we are using partial volume​ data. A mechanism to detect chart vs intrabar timeframe volume​​ discrepancies is provided. It allows you to define a threshold percentage above which the background will indicate a difference has been detected. Other Settings You can control here the display of the gray dot reminder on realtime bars, and the display of error messages if you are using a chart timeframe that is not greater than the fixed intrabar timeframe, when you use that mode. Disabling the message can be useful if you only use realtime mode at chart timeframes that do not support intrabar inspection. █  RAMBLINGS On Volume​ Delta Volume​ is arguably the best complement to interpret price action, and I consider volume​ delta to be the most effective way of processing volume​ information. In periods of low-volatility price consolidations, volume​ will typically also be lower than normal, but slight imbalances in the trend of the buy/sell volume​ balance can sometimes help put early odds on the direction of the break from consolidation. Additionally, the progression of the volume​ imbalance can help determine the proximity of the breakout. I also find volume​ delta and the number of divergences very useful to evaluate the strength of trends. In trends, I am looking for "slow and steady", i.e., relatively low volatility​ and pauses where price action doesn't look like world affairs are being reassessed. In my personal mythology, this type of trend is often more resilient than high-volatility breakouts, especially when volume​ balance confirms the general agreement of traders signaled by the low-volatility usually accompanying this type of trend. The volume​ action on pauses will often help me decide between aggressively taking profits, tightening a stop or going for a longer-term movement. As for reversals, they generally occur in high-volatility areas where entering trades is more expensive and riskier. While the identification of counter-trend reversals fascinates many traders to no end, they represent poor opportunities in my view. Volume​ imbalances often precede reversals, but I prefer to use volume​ delta information to identify the areas following reversals where I can confirm them and make relatively low-cost entries with better odds. On "Buy/Sell" Volume Buying or selling volume​ are misnomers, as every unit of volume​ transacted is both bought and sold by two different traders. While this does not keep me from using the terms, there is no such thing as “buy only” or “sell only” volume​. Trader lingo is riddled with peculiarities. Divergences The divergence detection method used here relies on a difference between the direction of a signal and the polarity (up/down) of a chart bar. When using the default "On Bar Balance" to detect divergences, however, only the bar's volume​ delta is used. You may wonder how there can be divergences between buying/selling volume​ information and price movement on one bar. This will sometimes be due to the calculation's shortcomings, but divergences may also occur in instances where because of order book structure, it takes less volume​ to increase the price of an asset than it takes to decrease it. As usual, divergences are points of interest because they reveal imbalances, which may or may not become turning points. To your pattern-hungry brain, the divergences displayed by this indicator will — as they do on other indicators — appear to often indicate turnarounds. My opinion is that reality is generally quite sobering and I have no reliable information that would tend to prove otherwise. Exercise caution when using them. Consequently, I do not share the overwhelming enthusiasm of traders in identifying bullish​/bearish​ divergences. For me, the best course of action when a divergence occurs is to wait and see what happens from there. That is the rationale underlying how my divergence levels work; they take note of a signal's level when a divergence occurs, and it's the signal's behavior from that point on that determines if the post-divergence action is bullish​/bearish​. Superfluity In "The Bed of Procrustes", Nassim Nicholas Taleb writes: To bankrupt a fool, give him information . This indicator can display lots of information. While learning to use a new indicator inevitably requires an adaptation period where we put it through its paces and try out all its options, once you have become used to it and decide to adopt it, rigorously eliminate the components you don't use and configure the remaining ones so their visual prominence reflects their relative importance in your analysis. I tried to provide flexible options for traders to control this indicator's visuals for that exact reason — not for window dressing. █  LIMITATIONS • This script uses a special characteristic of the `security()` function allowing the inspection of intrabars — which is not officially supported by TradingView.  It has the advantage of permitting a more robust calculation of volume​ delta than other methods on historical bars, but also has its limits. • Intrabar inspection only works on some chart timeframes: 3, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours, 1 day, 1 week and 1 month.  The script’s code can be modified to run on other resolutions. • When the difference between the chart’s timeframe and the intrabar timeframe is too great, runtime errors will occur. The Auto-Steps selection mechanisms should avoid this. • All volume​ is not created equally. Its source, components, quality and reliability will vary considerably with sectors and instruments.  The higher the quality, the more reliably volume​ delta information can be used to guide your decisions.  You should make it your responsibility to understand the volume​ information provided in the data feeds you use. It will help you make the most of volume​ delta. █  NOTES For traders • The Data Window shows key values for the indicator. • While this indicator displays some of the same information calculated in my Delta Volume Columns ,  I have elected to make it a separate publication so that traders continue to have a simpler alternative available to them. Both code bases will continue to evolve separately. • All gradients used in this indicator determine their brightness intensities using advances/declines in the signal—not their relative position in a pre-determined scale. • Volume​ delta being relative, by nature, it is particularly well-suited to Forex markets, as it filters out quite elegantly the cyclical volume​ data characterizing the sector. If you are interested in volume​ delta, consider having a look at my other "Delta Volume" indicators: • Delta Volume Realtime Action displays realtime volume​ delta and tick information on the chart. • Delta Volume Candles builds volume​​ delta candles on the chart. • Delta Volume Columns is a simpler version of this indicator. For coders • I use the `f_c_gradientRelativePro()` from the PineCoders Color Gradient Framework to build my gradients.  This function has the advantage of allowing begin/end colors for both the bull and bear colors. It also allows us to define the number of steps allowed for each gradient.  I use this to modulate the gradients so they perform optimally on the combination of the signal used to calculate advances/declines,  but also the nature of the visual component the gradient applies to. I use fewer steps for choppy signals and when the gradient is used on discrete visual components  such as volume​ columns or chart bars. • I use the PineCoders Coding Conventions for Pine to write my scripts. • I used functions modified from the PineCoders MTF Selection Framework for the selection of timeframes. █  THANKS TO: — The devs from TradingView's Pine and other teams, and the PineCoders who collaborate with them. They are doing amazing work,  and much of what this indicator does could not be done without their recent improvements to Pine. — A guy called Kuan who commented on a Backtest Rookies presentation of their Volume Profile indicator using a `for` loop.  This indicator started from the intrabar inspection technique illustrated in Kuan's snippet. — theheirophant , my partner in the exploration of the sometimes weird abysses of `security()`’s behavior at intrabar timeframes. — midtownsk8rguy , my brilliant companion in mining the depths of Pine graphics.
Pine Script™ indicator
by LucF
121
Delta Volume Candles [LucF]█  OVERVIEW This indicator plots on-chart volume delta information using candles that can replace your normal candles, tops and bottoms appended to normal candles, optional MAs of those tops and bottoms levels, a divergence channel and a chart background. The indicator calculates volume delta using intrabar analysis, meaning that it uses the lower timeframe bars constituting each chart bar. █  CONCEPTS Volume Delta ​The ​volume delta concept divides a bar's ​volume in "up" and "down" ​volumes. The delta is calculated by subtracting down ​volume from up ​volume. Many calculation techniques exist to isolate up and down ​volume within a bar. The simplest use the polarity of interbar price changes to assign their ​volume to up or down slots, e.g., On Balance Volume or the Klinger Oscillator . Others such as Chaikin Money Flow use assumptions based on a bar's OHLC values. The most precise calculation method uses tick data and assigns the ​volume of each tick to the up or down slot depending on whether the transaction occurs at the bid or ask price. While this technique is ideal, it requires huge amounts of data on historical bars, which considerably limits the historical depth of charts and the number of symbols for which tick data is available. Furthermore, historical tick data is not yet available on TradingView. This indicator uses intrabar analysis to achieve a compromise between the simplest and most precise methods of calculating ​volume delta. It is currently the most precise method usable on TradingView charts. TradingView's Volume Profile built-in indicators use it, as do the CVD - Cumulative ​Volume Delta Candles and CVD - Cumulative Volume Delta (Chart) indicators published from the TradingView account . My Delta Volume Channels and Volume Delta Columns Pro indicators also use intrabar analysis. Other ​volume delta indicators such as my Realtime 5D Profile use realtime chart updates to calculate volume delta without intrabar analysis, but that type of indicator only works in real time; they cannot calculate on historical bars. This is the logic I use to determine the polarity of intrabars, which determines the up or down slot where its ​volume is added:  • If the intrabar's open and close values are different, their relative position is used.  • If the intrabar's open and close values are the same, the difference between the intrabar's close and the previous intrabar's close is used.  • As a last resort, when there is no movement during an intrabar, and it closes at the same price as the previous intrabar, the last known polarity is used. Once all intrabars making up a chart bar have been analyzed and the up or down property of each intrabar's ​volume determined, the up volumes are added, and the down volumes subtracted. The resulting value is ​volume delta for that chart bar, which can be used as an estimate of the buying/selling pressure on an instrument. Not all markets have volume information. Without it, this indicator is useless. Intrabar analysis Intrabars are chart bars at a lower timeframe than the chart's. The timeframe used to access intrabars determines the number of intrabars accessible for each chart bar. On a 1H chart, each chart bar of an active market will, for example, usually contain 60 bars at the lower timeframe of 1min, provided there was market activity during each minute of the hour. This indicator automatically calculates an appropriate lower timeframe using the chart's timeframe and the settings you use in the script's "Intrabars" section of the inputs. As it can access lower timeframes as small as seconds when available, the indicator can be used on charts at relatively small timeframes such as 1min, provided the market is active enough to produce bars at second timeframes. The quantity of intrabars analyzed in each chart bar determines:  • The precision of calculations (more intrabars yield more precise results).  • The chart coverage of calculations (there is a 100K limit to the quantity of intrabars that can be analyzed on any chart,   so the more intrabars you analyze per chart bar, the less chart bars can be calculated by the indicator). The information box displayed at the bottom right of the chart shows the lower timeframe used for intrabars, as well as the average number of intrabars detected for chart bars and statistics on chart coverage. Balances This indicator calculates five balances from volume delta values. The balances are oscillators with a zero centerline; positive values are bullish, and negative values are bearish. It is important to understand the balances as they can be used to:  • Color candle bodies.  • Calculate body and top and bottom divergences.  • Color an EMA channel.  • Color the chart's background.  • Configure markers and alerts. The five balances are: 1 — Bar Balance : This is the only balance using instant values; it is simply the subtraction of the down volume​ from the up volume​ on the bar, so the instant volume delta for that bar. 2 — Average Balance : Calculates a distinct EMA for both the up and down volumes, and subtracts the down EMA from the up EMA.   The result is akin to MACD's histogram because it is the subtraction of two moving averages. 3 — Momentum Balance : Starts by calculating, separately for both up and down volumes, the difference between the same EMAs used in "Average Balance" and   an SMA of twice the period used for the "Average Balance" EMAs. The difference for the up side is subtracted from the difference for the down side,   and an RSI of that value is calculated and brought over the −50/+50 scale. 4 — Relative Balance : The reference values used in the calculation are the up and down EMAs used in the "Average Balance".   From those, we calculate two intermediate values using how much the instant up and down volumes on the bar exceed their respective EMA — but with a twist.   If the bar's up volume​ does not exceed the EMA of up volume​, a zero value is used. The same goes for the down volume​ with the EMA of down volume​.   Once we have our two intermediate values for the up and down volumes exceeding their respective MA, we subtract them. The final value is an ALMA of that subtraction.   The rationale behind using zero values when the bar's up/down volume​ does not exceed its EMA is to only take into account the more significant volume​.   If both instant volume​ values exceed their MA, then the difference between the two is the signal's value.   The signal is called "relative" because the intermediate values are the difference between the instant up/down volumes and their respective MA.   This balance flatlines when the bar's up/down volumes do not exceed their EMAs, which makes it useful to spot areas where trader interest dwindles, such as consolidations.   The smaller the period of the final value's ALMA, the more easily it will flatline. These flat zones should be considered no-trade zones. 5 — Percent Balance : This balance is the ALMA of the ratio of the "Bar Balance" over the total volume for that bar. From the balances and marker conditions, two more values are calculated: 1 — Marker Bias : This sums the up/down (+1/‒1) occurrences of the markers 1 to 4 over a period you define, so it ranges from −4 to +4, times the period.   Its calculation will depend on the modes used to calculate markers 3 and 4. 2 — Combined Balances : This is the sum of the bull/bear (+1/−1) states of each of the five balances, so it ranges from −5 to +5. The periods for all of these balances can be configured in the "Periods" section at the bottom of the script's inputs. As you cannot see the balances on the chart, you can use my Volume Delta Columns Pro indicator in a pane; it can plot the same balances, so you will be able to analyze them. Divergences In the context of this indicator, a divergence is any bar where the bear/bull state of a balance (above/below its zero centerline) diverges from the polarity of a chart bar. No directional bias is assigned to divergences when they occur. Candle bodies and tops/bottoms can each be colored differently on divergences detected from distinct balances. Divergence Channel The divergence channel is the space between two levels (by default, the bar's open and close ) saved when divergences occur. When price (by default the close ) has breached a channel and a new divergence occurs, a new channel is created. Until that new channel is breached, bars where additional divergences occur will expand the channel's levels if the bar's price points are outside the channel. Prices breaches of the divergence channel will change its state. Divergence channels can be in one of three different states:  • Bull (green): Price has breached the channel to the upside.  • Bear (red): Price has breached the channel to the downside.  • Neutral (gray): The channel has not yet been breached. █  HOW TO USE THE INDICATOR I do not make videos to explain how to use my indicators. I do, however, try hard to include in their description everything one needs to understand what they do. From there, it's up to you to explore and figure out if they can be useful in your trading practice. Communicating in videos what this description and the script's tooltips contain would make for very long videos that would likely exceed the attention span of most people who find this description too long. There is no quick way to understand an indicator such as this one because it uses many different concepts and has quite a bit of settings one can use to modify its visuals and behavior — thus how one uses it. I will happily answer questions on the inner workings of the indicator, but I do not answer questions like "How do I trade using this indicator?" A useful answer to that question would require an in-depth analysis of who you are, your trading methodology and objectives, which I do not have time for. I do not teach trading. Start by loading the indicator on an active chart containing volume information. See here if you need help. The default configuration displays:  • Normal candles where the bodies are only colored if the bar's volume has increased since the last bar.   If you want to use this indicator's candles, you may want to disable your chart's candles by clicking the eye icon to the right of the symbol's name in the top left of the chart.  • A top or bottom appended to the normal candles. It represents the difference between up and down volume for that bar   and is positioned at the top or bottom, depending on its polarity. If up volume is greater than down volume, a top is displayed. If down volume is greater, a bottom is plotted.   The size of tops and bottoms is determined by calculating a factor which is the proportion of volume delta over the bar's total volume.   That factor is then used to calculate the top or bottom size relative to a baseline of the average candle body size of the last 100 bars.  • An information box in the bottom right displaying intrabar and chart coverage information.  • A light red background when the intrabar volume differs from the chart's volume by more than 1%. The script's inputs contain tooltips explaining most of the fields. I will not repeat them here. Following is a brief description of each section of the indicator's inputs which will give you an idea of what the indicator can do: Normal Candles is where you configure the replacement candles plotted by the script. You can choose from different coloring schemes for their bodies and specify a unique color for bodies where a divergence calculated using the method you choose occurs. Volume Tops & Botttoms is where you configure the display of tops and bottoms, and their EMAs. The EMAs are calculated from the high point of tops and the low point of bottoms. They can act as a channel to evaluate price, and you can choose to color the channel using a gradient reflecting the advances/declines in the balance of your choice. Divergence Channel is where you set up the appearance and behavior of the divergence channel. These areas represent levels where price and volume delta information do not converge. They can be interpreted as regions with no clear direction from where one will look for breaches. You can configure the channel to take into account one or both types of divergences you have configured for candle bodies and tops/bottoms. Background allows you to configure a gradient background color that reflects the advances/declines in the balance of your choice. You can use this to provide context to the volume delta values from bars. You can also control the background color displayed on volume discrepancies between the intrabar and the chart's timeframe. Intrabars is where you choose the calculation mode determining the lower timeframe used to access intrabars. The indicator uses the chart's timeframe and the type of market you are on to calculate the lower timeframe. Your setting there should reflect which compromise you prefer between the precision of calculations and chart coverage. This is also where you control the display of the information box in the lower right corner of the chart. Markers allows you to control the plotting of chart markers on different conditions. Their configuration determines when alerts generated from the indicator will fire. Note that in order to generate alerts from this script, they must be created from your chart. See this Help Center page to learn how. Only the last 500 markers will be visible on the chart, but this will not affect the generation of alerts. Periods is where you configure the periods for the balances and the EMAs used in the indicator. The raw values calculated by this script can be inspected using the Data Window. █  INTERPRETATION Rightly or wrongly, volume delta is considered by many a useful complement to the interpretation of price action. I use it extensively in an attempt to find convergence between my read of volume delta and price movement — not so much as a predictor of future price movement. No system or person can predict the future. Accordingly, I consider people who speak or act as if they know the future with certainty to be dangerous to themselves and others; they are charlatans, imprudent or blissfully ignorant. I try to avoid elaborate volume delta interpretation schemes involving too many variables and prefer to keep things simple:  • Trends that have more chances of continuing should be accompanied by VD of the same polarity.   In trends, I am looking for "slow and steady". I work from the assumption that traders and systems often overreact, which translates into unproductive volatility.   Wild trends are more susceptible to overreactions.  • I prefer steady VD values over wildly increasing ones, as large VD increases often come with increased price volatility, which can backfire.   Large VD values caused by stopping volume will also often occur on trend reversals with abnormally high candles.  • Prices escaping divergence channels may be leading a trend in that direction, although there is no telling how long that trend will last; could be just a few bars or hundreds.   When price is in a channel, shifts in VD balances can sometimes give us an idea of the direction where price has the most chance of breaking.  • Dwindling VD will often indicate trend exhaustion and predate reversals by many bars, but the problem is that mere pauses in a trend will often produce the same behavior in VD.   I think it is too perilous to infer rigidly from VD decreases. Divergence Channel Here I have configured the divergence channels to be visible. First, I set the bodies to display divergences on the default Bar Balance. They are indicated by yellow bodies. Then I activated the divergence channels by choosing to draw levels on body divergences and checked the "Fill" checkbox to fill the channel with the same color as the levels. The divergence channel is best understood as a direction-less area from where a breach can be acted on if other variables converge with the breach's direction: Tops and Bottoms EMAs I find these EMAs rather interesting. They have no equivalent elsewhere, as they are calculated from the top and bottom values this indicator plots. The only similarity they have with volume-weighted MAs, including VWAP, is that they use price and volume. This indicator's Tops and Bottoms EMAs, however, use the price and volume delta. While the channel differs from other channels in how it is calculated, it can be used like others, as a baseline from which to evaluate price movement or, alternatively, as stop levels. Remember that you can change the period used for the EMAs in the "Periods" section of the inputs. This chart shows the EMAs in action, filled with a gradient representing the advances/decline from the Momentum balance. Notice the anomaly in the chart's latest bars where the Momentum balance gradient has been indicating a bullish bias for some time, during which price was mostly below the EMAs. Price has just broken above the channel on positive VD. My interpretation of this situation would be that it is a risky opportunity for a long trade in the larger context where the market has been in a downtrend since the 5th. Intrepid traders choosing to enter here could do so with a "make or break" tight stop that will minimize their losses should the market continue its downtrend while hopefully preserving the potential upside of price continuing on the longer-term uptrend prevalent since the 28th: █  NOTES Volume If you use indicators such as this one which depends on volume information, it is important to realize that the volume data they consume comes from data feeds, and that all data feeds are NOT created equally. Those who create the data feeds we use must make decisions concerning the nature of the transactions they tally and the way they are tallied in each feed, and these decisions affect the nature of our volume data. My Volume X-ray publication discusses some of the reasons why volume information from different timeframes, brokers/exchanges or sectors may vary considerably. I encourage you to read it. This indicator's display of a warning through a background color on volume discrepancies between the timeframe used to access intrabars and the chart's timeframe is an attempt to help you realize these variations in feeds. Don't take things for granted, and understand that the quality of a given feed's volume information affects the quality of the results this indicator calculates. Markets as ecosystems I believe it is perilous to think that behavioral patterns you discover in one market through the lens of this or any other indicator will necessarily port to other markets. While this may sometimes be the case, it will often not. Why is that? Because each market is its own ecosystem. As cities do, all markets share some common characteristics, but they also all have their idiosyncrasies. A proportion of a city's inhabitants is always composed of outsiders who come and go, but a core population of regulars and systems is usually the force that actually defines most of the city's observable characteristics. I believe markets work somewhat the same way; they may look the same, but if you live there for a while and pay attention, you will notice the idiosyncrasies. Some things that work in some markets will, accordingly, not work in others. Please keep that in mind when you draw conclusions. On Up/Down or Buy/Sell Volume Buying or selling volume are misnomers, as every unit of volume transacted is both bought and sold by two different traders. While this does not keep me from using the terms, there is no such thing as “buy only” or “sell only” volume. Trader lingo is riddled with peculiarities. Without access to order book information, traders work with the assumption that when price moves up during a bar, there was more buying pressure than selling pressure, just as when buy market orders take out limit ask orders in the order book at successively higher levels. The built-in volume indicator available on TradingView uses this logic to color the volume columns green or red. While this script’s calculations are more precise because it analyses intrabars to calculate its information, it uses pretty much the same imperfect logic. Until Pine scripts can have access to how much volume was transacted at the bid/ask prices, our volume delta calculations will remain a mere proxy. Repainting  • The values calculated on the realtime bar will update as new information comes from the feed.  • Historical values may recalculate if the historical feed is updated or when calculations start from a new point in history.  • Markers and alerts will not repaint as they only occur on a bar's close. Keep this in mind when viewing markers on historical bars,   where one could understandably and incorrectly assume they appear at the bar's open. To learn more about repainting, see the Pine Script™ User Manual's page on the subject . Superfluity In "The Bed of Procrustes", Nassim Nicholas Taleb writes: To bankrupt a fool, give him information . This indicator can display a lot of information. The inevitable adaptation period you will need to figure out how to use it should help you eliminate all the visuals you do not need. The more you eliminate, the easier it will be to focus on those that are the most useful to your trading practice. Don't be a fool. █  THANKS Thanks to alexgrover for his Dekidaka-Ashi indicator. His volume plots on candles were the inspiration for my top/bottom plots. Kudos to PineCoders for their libraries. I use two of them in this script: Time and lower_tf . The first versions of this script used functionality that I would not have known about were it not for these two guys: — A guy called Kuan who commented on a Backtest Rookies presentation of their Volume Profile indicator. — theheirophant , my partner in the exploration of the sometimes weird abysses of request.security() ’s behavior at lower timeframes.
Editors' picks
Pine Script™ indicator
by LucF
115
Market Delta [Makit0]MARKET DELTA INDICATOR v0.5 beta Market Delta is suitable for daytrading on intraday timeframes, is a volume based indicator which allows to see the UP VOLUME vs the DOWN VOLUME, the DELTA (difference) and the CUMULATIVE DELTA (cumulative sum of difference) between them This indicator is based on contracts volume (data avaiable), not in ask/bid volume (data not avaiable) The up/down volume is calculated at each candle as follows: - calculate the ticks of the range, top wick and bottom wick - calculate the ticks up and ticks down to get the total ticks of the candle - calculate the volume per tick as total volume divided by total ticks - calculate the up and down volume as volume per tick multiplied by up ticks and down ticks The delta is calculated as volume up minus volume down The cumulative delta is a cumulative sum of delta and is resetted to 0 twice a day at the globex open and at the us cash open By default the indicator plots the 'CANDLE MODE' which is useful for charting the cumulative volume to find out support and resistance zones where the volume is rejected or pass thru, as the volume moves so does the price, price always follows the volume, price goes away from where volume dries and price auctions comfortable where is plenty of volume, in a way PRICE FEEDS ON VOLUME An indication about the plotting style in the volume, delta and cumulative delta modes: I can't use histogram as intended due a bug at autoresizing the scale in the candle mode, so the styles used are areabr and circles. FEATURES - Plot volume in one of four modes: Volume Up/Down, Delta, Cumulative Delta, Cumulative Delta as Candles - Cumulative delta resetted twice a day (globex and cash open) - Show a base line at 0 SETTINGS - Mode: select one of the four volume output modes: Volume, Delta, Cumulative Delta and Candles. Candles by default - Show zero line: show/hide the zero base line. False by default. HOW TO SETTING UP THE INDICATOR: BE AWARE, by default the indicator settings are configured for using the Cumulative Delta Candle Mode - Candles Mode Settings: configured by default, mode candles and zero line off - Volume, Delta, Cumulative Delta Mode Settings: select the mode you want and switch on/off the zero line GOOD LUCK AND HAPPY TRADING
Pine Script™ indicator
by makit0
22
Volume Analysis Tool - CryptoShoots Volume Analysis Tool Volume Analysis Tool is a technique to simulate tick volume data to get Buying volume and Selling Volume in each bar to any asset . *** Features * Delta Volume Mode . * Detailed Volume mode - Buying and selling for each candle . * Better understanding to the Accumulation and Distribution using volume analysis easily . *** Usage * Turn only one Mode(Delta or Detailed ) ON to let the indicator Shows you its magic . * Volume Search : by default it's 1 MIN . Note : if you want to change the value understand that the lower the value the better the Accuracy . // As a rule of thump use 1 MIN Volume Search for these time frames ( from 5 min to 4 hours ) and 5 min Volume Search for Daily time frame .
Pine Script™ indicator
by CryptoShoots
16
Combo Backtest 123 Reversal & DAPD This is combo strategies for get a cumulative signal. First strategy This System was created from the Book "How I Tripled My Money In The Futures Market" by Ulf Jensen, Page 183. This is reverse type of strategies. The strategy buys at market, if close price is higher than the previous close during 2 days and the meaning of 9-days Stochastic Slow Oscillator is lower than 50. The strategy sells at market, if close price is lower than the previous close price during 2 days and the meaning of 9-days Stochastic Fast Oscillator is higher than 50. Second strategy This indicator is similar to Bollinger Bands. It based on DAPD - Daily Average Price Delta. DAPD is based upon a summation for each of the highs (hod) for the 21 days prior to today minus the summation for each of the lows (lod) for the last 21 days prior to today. The result of this calculation would then be divided by 21. It will be buy when high above previos DAPD high and sell if low below previos DAPD low WARNING: - For purpose educate only - This script to change bars colors.
Pine Script™ strategy
by HPotter
Combo Strategy 123 Reversal & DAPD This is combo strategies for get a cumulative signal. First strategy This System was created from the Book "How I Tripled My Money In The Futures Market" by Ulf Jensen, Page 183. This is reverse type of strategies. The strategy buys at market, if close price is higher than the previous close during 2 days and the meaning of 9-days Stochastic Slow Oscillator is lower than 50. The strategy sells at market, if close price is lower than the previous close price during 2 days and the meaning of 9-days Stochastic Fast Oscillator is higher than 50. Second strategy This indicator is similar to Bollinger Bands. It based on DAPD - Daily Average Price Delta. DAPD is based upon a summation for each of the highs (hod) for the 21 days prior to today minus the summation for each of the lows (lod) for the last 21 days prior to today. The result of this calculation would then be divided by 21. It will be buy when high above previos DAPD high and sell if low below previos DAPD low WARNING: - For purpose educate only - This script to change bars colors.
Pine Script™ indicator
by HPotter
1
Delta Volume Columns [LucF]Displays delta volume columns using intrabar volume information. Each volume column is divided into three sections: buying, selling and neutral volume. Volume for each section is determined from the volume and price movement of each intrabar at a user-selected lower resolution. Features include: - Choice of color themes for either dark or light chart backgrounds - Delta volume columns - Volume Balance displayed as the difference between the MAs of buying and selling volume - Display of divergences between a bar’s volume balance and the bar’s price movement (example: buying volume > selling volume but close < open). Divergences can be shown in 2 different color schemes (including green/red showing a tentative direction), on volume columns and/or on chart bars - Display of bar by bar volume balance with highlighting of above average volume - Display of the usual total volume MA - Choice of the lower resolution used to retrieve intrabar information - Alerts configurable on any combination of the markers, with control over long/short direction - Choice of 3 different markers: 1. Double bumps: two consecutive bars where buying or selling volume is in the same direction and where volume > volume MA 2. Divergence confirmations: direction of the price bar following a price/volume balance divergence 3. Volume balance shifts: zero level crossings of the volume balance MA delta The chart shows the two main modes of display: - Top pane : shows the stacked volume columns with divergences in orange and the flattened volume balance MAs delta at the bottom of the volume columns. This volume balance is the same shown in the bottom pane. The top pane also shows the instant volume balance strip above the volume columns. The strip’s colors show which of the buying or selling volume was greater, and colors are brighter if the total volume was above the total volume MA. - Bottom pane : shows the volume balance MAs delta with markers 1 and 2. Given that this graphic has no price momentum component, I find quite eerie how it often looks like a momentum-based signal. The default 5 minute intrabar resolution is used in combination with the weekly chart, which is excessive. This script uses a special characteristic of the security() function’s behavior when it is sent to a resolution lower than the chart’s resolution. Details are given in the script’s comments. This method has the advantage of working under more circumstances than some of the other loop-based methods, but it also has its limits. IMPORTANT This is what you need to know: - The method used does not work on the realtime bar—only on historical bars. Consequently, the volume column shown on the realtime bar is a normal volume column plotted in green or red, following price movement. The column will only show delta volume information after it closes and becomes a historical bar. - The indicator only works on some chart resolutions: 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours, 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. The script’s code can be modified to run on other resolutions, but chart resolutions must be divisible by the lower resolution used for intrabars. - Intrabar resolutions can be selected from 1, 5, 15, 30, 45 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4 hours, 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. The intrabar resolution must of course be smaller than the chart’s resolution. - Contrary to my other indicators where alerts must be configured to trigger “Once Per Bar Close” in order to avoid false triggers (or repainting), all this indicator’s alerts are designed to trigger using previous bar information since the indicator’s calculations in the realtime bar are not exact. Markers are not plotted with a negative offset; they appear at the beginning of the realtime bar following confirmation of the marker’s condition on the previous bar. Alerts for this indicator should thus be configured to trigger “Once Per Bar” so they trigger at the beginning of the realtime bar. Note that the penalty is not that great, as it is simply the instant between the close of the previous realtime bar and the opening of the next. The advantage of using this technique is that the indicator does not repaint; a marker that appears at the beginning of the realtime bar will never disappear. - The script only plots information that is reliable in the realtime bar, i.e., total volume and markers. All other plots are set to n/a to prevent misleading traders. - When the difference between the chart’s resolution and the lower resolution is too important, volume columns will not calculate for all bars in the dataset. On Delta Volume Buying or selling volume are misnomers, as every unit of volume transacted is both bought and sold by 2 different traders. There is no such thing as “buy only” or “sell only” volume, but trader lingo is riddled with original fabulations. Without access to order book information, traders work with the assumption that when price moves up during a bar, there was more buying pressure than selling pressure. The built-in volume indicator available on TradingView uses this logic to color the volume columns green or red. While this script’s numbers are more precise because it analyses a number of intrabars to calculate its information, it uses the exact same imperfect logic to calculate its buying/selling/neutral sections. Until Pine scripts can have access to how much volume was transacted at the bid/ask prices, our so-called buying/selling volume information will always be a mere proxy. Divergences You may wonder how there can be divergences between buying/selling volume information and price movement. This will sometimes be due to the methodology’s shortcomings we have just discussed, but divergences may also occur in instances where because of order book structure, it takes less volume to increase the price of an asset than it takes to decrease it. As usual, divergences are points of interest because they reveal imbalances, which may or may not become turning points. I do not share the overwhelming enthusiasm traders have for divergences. To your pattern-hungry brain, the orange bars this indicator shows on chart will—as divergences on other indicators do–appear to often indicate turnarounds. My opinion is that reality is generally quite sobering, as many who have tried building automated rules based on divergences will tell you. I do not have hard numbers on the lack of performance of divergences—only many failed attempts to make them perform, which a few experienced strategy modelers I know share with me. Please don’t try to read too much into them. While they look great on past data, I find they are often difficult to use in realtime to make bets with good odds. Thanks to: - A guy called Kuan who commented on a Backtest Rookies presentation of an intrabar delta volume indicator using a for loop. The heart of “my” indicator is code borrowed from Kuan; I just built a hopefully useful wrapper around it. - @theheirophant, my partner in the exploration of the sometimes weird abysses of security() ’s behavior at lower resolutions.
Pine Script™ indicator
by LucF
69
Monster Cumulative Delta OpenAfter a few requests, the MonsterDelta is is now available with open source. As mentioned before, it uses an approximation of Up and Down Volume (because they are not kept by Tradingview/not accessible by Pinescript). The approximation is: The "up path" on the "up" candle can be approximated by (High-Low). The "down path" on the "up" candle can be approximated by (High-Close)+(Open-Low). (and similar for the down candle, like in the 1st post.) Total path=up path + down path. Up volume = Tick volume * up path/total path Down volume = Tick volume * down path/total path Cheers, kprsa
Pine Script™ indicator
by kprsa
5
StochRSI+StochRSI+ is a Stoch RSI study enhanced with some background highlights and flags to enhance the visual reading of standard oscillator. Default Settings: RSI: 13 Stoch RSI: 13 %K: 3 %D: 3 Oversold: 20 Extended Oversold: 7 Overbought: 80 Extended Overbought: 93 Activate Highlights and/or Flags for: - Stoch RSI Oversold/Overbought. (Default: Active) - Stoch RSI Extended Oversold/Overbought. (Default: Active) - %K crosses %D. (Default: Inactive)
Pine Script™ indicator
by D7R
11