Get started

Divergence

Flawed concepts: divergences One of the reasons why a divergence on an "indicator" hasn't provided an expected result is because there was an info conflict with more data on lower resolution (aka higher timeframe was against it). The second reason is because these indicators don't know how to distinguish buying and selling waves properly, when they start and when they end, as explained in "Real waves". Even if you pass the correctly approximated typical wave size as a lookback window length, it won't change anything 4 real. The third reason is because these indicators actually are not supposed to be used for comparative analysis. They are what they are, they approximate slope aka direction aka gradient in given data, and some also calculate some sort of statistical limits for these historical slope values. If that's what you really need, you can simple calculate Z-scores of Close minus Open values over some lookback window, you'll do better. As explained in "Wave exhaustion", a wave (continuous directional movement) strength is understood based on: 1) How far the price gone; 2) How much time passed; 3) How much volume got traded during this wave. The indicators will show you a correct divergence when 2 waves have the same volume, same price range, but different time range. Volumes are completely disregarded. And most importantly, even if when volumes are the same, time is the same, but price ranges are different, it will Not show you a divergence at all. So effectively, even disregarding volume, price & time are combined in these indicators that way so comparative analysis of waves can not be done. Many have a wrong idea is that if prices move fast (they call it strong momentum) it means motive strength. It neither confirms strength nor denies it. Time, price & volume are used together to properly understand the order flow strength, in a way explained before.
SP:SPXEducation
by gorx1
1
What Is the Best Divergence Trading Strategy? 👑 What Is Divergence? Divergence is a trading phenomenon that offers reliable and high-quality information regarding trading signals. It refers to when an asset’s price moves in the opposite direction to the momentum indicators or oscillators. Commonly used indicators include the relative strength index (RSI), stochastic oscillator, Awesome Oscillator (AO), and moving average convergence divergence (MACD). Divergence is one of the many concepts that experienced traders use to the time when to enter or exit the market. To say a divergence occurs is to say that the price and momentum are out of sync. This signals that the market is preparing for a trend reversal or pullback, but it does not necessarily guarantee trend directions. There are mainly two types of divergence: 1) Regular divergence is where the price signal creates higher highs or lower lows while the indicator makes lower highs or higher lows respectively. 2) Hidden divergence, which is the opposite of regular divergence, is where the indicator makes higher highs or lower lows while the price action creates lower highs or higher lows respectively. Regular Divergence vs. Hidden Divergence What Is Regular Divergence? Regular divergence can be divided into two types: regular bearish divergence and regular bullish divergence. What is Regular Bearish Divergence? Regular bearish divergence occurs when the price action makes successively higher highs while the indicator makes consecutively lower highs. This suggests that the asset’s price is preparing for a reversal into a downtrend. The indicator signal means that the momentum is changing. Even though the price action has made higher highs, the uptrend may be weak. In this scenario, traders should get ready to go short, i.e., to sell the asset and repurchase it later at a lower price. What is Regular Bullish Divergence? Regular bullish divergence happens when the price action forms progressively lower lows while the indicator creates higher lows. This implies that the prices will move in an upward trend soon. The indicator action implies that the price needs to catch up with the indicator signal and that the downtrend is weak. In this scenario, traders should get ready to go long, i.e., to buy the asset. How to Trade Regular Divergence? Divergence only tells traders that the momentum of a price movement is weakening. This does not necessarily lead to a strong reversal, and the price movement may just be entering a sideways trend (horizontal price movement within a stable range). To create a more reliable divergence trading strategy, skilled traders combine indicators with various tools. Regular bullish divergence and regular bearish divergence have different entry rules. In any case, once a trader has spotted a divergence, they should consider how to enter or exit the market and place their Stop Loss or Take Profit orders. What’s a hidden divergence? Divergences not only signal a potential trend reversal but can also be used as a possible sign for a trend continuation (price continues to move in its current direction). Hidden bullish divergence happens when the price is making a higher low (HL), but the oscillator is showing a lower low (LL). Hidden Bearish Divergence occurs when price makes a lower high (LH), but the oscillator is making a higher high (HH). Keep in mind that regular divergences are possible signals for trend reversals while hidden divergences signal trend continuation. Regular divergences = signal possible trend reversal Hidden divergences = signal possible trend continuation Conclusion Trading divergence can be very profitable if traders can reliably identify divergence by making use of the trading tools in their arsenal. However, like all trading strategies, using divergence indicators involves a certain degree of risk. [
Education
by FOREXN1
24
When a divergence isn't a divergence and price winsA fellow trader here on Trading View needed some help with a trade he is taking. Commonly when an RSI makes a new LOW and price makes an opposing HIGH this is called a "Bearish Divergence" When this happens, its expected that price will follow and make new Lows or start moving down. But what happens when price continues to move up? Why would it go against the momentum of the all mighty RSI? How is it possible that price can reject what the RSI wants to do? Well the answer is VOLUME and who is in control of it. The Bulls or the Bears...and whomever is in control, will always win. In this video you'll see something else to look out for when trading divergences so you can predicts which way price will breakout.
Education
by CoffeeshopCrypto
5
The easiest way to spot divergences and how to trade them Welcome to the coffee shop everybody. This is your host and baristo Eric, and in today's video I am giving you a video Lesson based off of my preferences on how you should look for and use RSI Divergences. THe Oscillator used in this video is The Heiken Ashi Algo Oscillator Get it free here and always BOOOOOOOOOOST IT!! There are three problems that people have whether they are experts or when they are novices in spotting Divergence between the RSI and price. First problem is they don't know where to look because the RS I can have hundreds of high values and hundreds of low values but you need to know which ones are the relevant ones to look at. The second problem is a common question where people ask "which way will the price go?" The answer to that is basically the slope of the RSI is the new slope of your price so, if the RSI is angled up your price will angle up. If the RSI is angled down your price will angle down. Now hold on a minute don't run off and start acting like you know how to trade divergences yet because there's still question number 3. When will it go in that direction? Just because you see a Divergence doesn't mean it's going to immediately happen so you need to know what to look for to let you know that it is actually going to go in that direction and when will that Trend begin. So in today's video I do a nice lengthy coverage on how to spot those answers and you can use the oscillator in the video by going to this link.
Editors' picks
Education
by CoffeeshopCrypto
70
Bitcoin - For Trading Not for InvestingWhen Bitcoin was trading at around 60,000 level in late 2021 and before that year, whenever friends, acquaintance and participants asked my opinion about investing into cryptocurrency, immediately I knew they may not know much about cryptocurrency. To clarify, I am not an expert in cryptocurrency, but I know its intrinsic value could not be calculated then and even today, therefore it is an instrument not for investing but for trading. Let me elaborate, as long as we cannot define its intrinsic value to any so-call an asset, it is not an asset, but an instrument for trading. When we get into trading, meaning, we have to acknowledge the getting in and out, out also represent to exit the market with either a profit or a loss, it is part of the deal in trading – we have to be quick when we make a wrong decision. However, if you position yourself as an investor in crypto, you will either always perceive it will break new high or hope that it will someday go back to its former glory. Throughout the whole tutorial, I will do a recap on how I have spotted this top here in November 2021. I have done this in another personal forum I have back then. I will go through that and it may seem like a hindsight view, but I will apply the same strategy to the current market using just trendline and divergence. Bitcoin Futures Minimum Tick: $5.00 = US$25 or $1.00 = US$5 Contract Value: 20,000 x US$5 = US$100,000 Disclaimer: • What presented here is not a recommendation, please consult your licensed broker. • Our mission is to create lateral thinking skills for every investor and trader, knowing when to take a calculated risk with market uncertainty and a bolder risk when opportunity arises.
CME:BTC1!Education
by konhow
2
Intra-Day Trading TheoryTrading opinions can be made in a very concrete or a structured manner just like how investors study into the financial numbers of the stock they are about to invest into. Short-term traders also have its numbers they study into, it is the price behaviours or the price data of the instrument they are trading. When these data are converted into a pictorial format, it becomes a chart. And I am going to share with you a simple illustration on intra-day trading using trendline and divergence, to derive entries. You will find how this can be done in a very structured manner and you don’t have to guess too much into it. I have included some links below on my previous videos on trendlines and divergence. The first rule: The first about intra-day trading theory is we have to acknowledge the word “intra-day”, meaning all trades are done within the day itself, and we will have to square off all our positions before the market closes. This is Because we do not wish to carry any risks overnight with unexpected gaps. Micro E-Mini Nasdaq 0.25 = US$0.50 1.00 = US$2 Disclaimer: • What presented here is not a recommendation, please consult your licensed broker. • Our mission is to create lateral thinking skills for every investor and trader, knowing when to take a calculated risk with market uncertainty and a bolder risk when opportunity arises.
CME_MINI:MNQ1!Education
by konhow
4
Is this recent rally a bull rebound of a bear retracement? To make an assessment if the market has turned bear, during the closing second quarter on 29th June 2022, we discussed on the topic “Using S&P to Identify Recession and on the 19 Jul, 2 weeks ago the tutorial posted here, we studied and expecting this current rebound, topic “Nasdaq a leading indicator of Dow Jones, S&P & Russell”. In today’s tutorial, I thought of doing a recap between the two videos and explore if the current market and its development, if it is a bull rebound heading to break another new all-time high or if it is a bear retracement? I have included both the video links below. Before we get into this topic, please also take some time to read through the disclaimer in the description box below. Disclaimer: • What presented here is not a recommendation, please consult your licensed broker. • Our mission is to create lateral thinking skills for every investor and trader, knowing when to take a calculated risk with market uncertainty and a bolder risk when opportunity arises. Tutorial example: Micro E-Mini Nasdaq 0.25 = US$0.50 1.00 = US$2 (12,900 - 11,900) x US$2 =US$2,000 (Note: Opposite is also true) • During the closing second quarter in June, on 29 Jun - “Using S&P to Identify Recession • On the 19 Jul, 2 weeks ago - “Nasdaq a leading indicator of Dow Jones, S&P & Russell”
Editors' picks
CME_MINI:NQ1!Education
by konhow
32
Can Interest Rate Be Traded Or Invested?How can we participate in the rise and fall of interest rate? Firstly, we need to understand the difference between interest rate and yield. Interest rates are a benchmark for borrowers whereas yield is for investors or lenders. • Interest rates are the fees charged, as a percentage from a lender for a loan. • Yield is the percentage of earnings a person receives for lending money. Both move in tandem together, meaning if yield moves higher, interest rates will follow. Discussion: • Direction of the Yield in the short-term and • Direction of the Yield in the long-term Divergence in a bull market means the bull is losing its momentum, keep a look-out for trigger points that may cause further stress to the market. Micro 10-Year Yield Futures 1/10 of 1bp = US$1 or 0.001% = US$1 3.000% to 3.050% = US$50 3.000% to 4.000% = US$1,000 Note: Micro Treasury futures are not micro-sized U.S. Treasury securities. They convey no rights of ownership, nor or they pay or accrue interest. Disclaimer: • What presented here is not a recommendation, please consult your licensed broker. • Our mission is to create lateral thinking skills for every investor and trader, knowing when to take a calculated risk with market uncertainty and a bolder risk when opportunity arises.
TVC:US10YEducation
by konhow
How to Trade Bullish DivergenceAt some point in your trading career, you will hear the term "Divergence Trading". Divergence simply means when the price and indicator are telling the trader two different things. It can be an effective addition to your trading strategy, especially if already using indicators like RSI or MACD to find overbought and oversold levels but should not be replied on by itself and requires practice to get it right. There are two types of Divergence you want to be familiar with: Regular bullish and bearish divergence and Hidden bullish and bearish divergence. In this educational tutorial, I will cover Bullish Divergence. You should note that the appearance of divergence doesn't happen 100% of the time, but when it does, you can use it for additional confluence (extra confirmation) for entering trades. Bullish Divergence Overview: A bullish divergence occurs when prices fall to a new low while an oscillator fails to reach a new low. This situation demonstrates that bears are losing power, and that bulls are ready to control the market again—often a bullish divergence marks the end of a downtrend. Notice in this example of GBPCAD, the price was in a downtrend and eventually came to a low at 5494 and rejected the area. The price shows a decline, while the RSI shows the oscillator moving higher. This is an example of regular bullish divergence, as it signaled a potential trend reversal. How to Draw Bullish Divergence You want to draw lines on successive tops and bottoms. Connect the tops and bottoms only, and keep your eyes on the price. If you draw a line connecting two lows on price, you MUST draw a line connecting two lows on the indicator. They have to match! Divergence only exists if the SLOPE of the line connecting the indicator tops/bottoms DIFFERS from the SLOPE of the line connecting the price tops/bottoms. Popular Indicators to Use When Identifying Divergence You can use indicators such as RSI, MACD, CCI, or Stochastic to trade divergence. Your selection in one of these indicators will depend on personal preference. I personally prefer the RSI at a 7 period. If you spot divergence but the price has already reversed and moved in one direction for some time, the divergence should be considered played out. You missed the boat this time. All you can do now is wait for another swing high/low to form and start your divergence search over. What is your favorite way to trade Divergence? Let me know in the comments! Happy Trading! :) - Brian & Kenya, BK FOREX ACADEMY
Education
by BKTradingAcademy
9
Negative Divergences Often Warn of Declines: Bitcoin & Gold Negative Divergences Often Warn of Impending Declines: Bitcoin Highlighted…. Is Gold Next? OTC:GBTC COMEX:GC1! INDEX:BTCUSD The CMT Association is proud to publish this guest post from Louise Yamada CMT. Louise was a Managing Director and Head of Technical Research for Smith Barney (Citigroup), and while there, was a perennial leader in the Institutional Investor poll and the top-ranked market technician in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004. Louise was the 2016 recipient of the CMT Association’s Lifetime Achievement Award. In these examples we use the moving average convergence divergence (MACD) indicator to illustrate the concept of divergence, to forensically evaluate Bitcoin and to make some forward looking observations on the gold market. Divergences: • Negative momentum divergences often warn of impending price consolidations or declines. • Divergence forms as price moves to a new high while the oscillator fails at a lower high, creating a negative divergence between the oscillator and price. • Divergences of this type suggest that the underlying momentum may be waning. Divergences carry different implications depending upon their time frame. • Daily perspective divergences suggest either a consolidation, or a pullback in an ongoing uptrend. • Weekly perspective divergences suggest a more sustained consolidation or even a reversal of trend, particularly if important support is violated. • Monthly divergences have the potential to result in a more sustained decline or even to reverse an uptrend. MACD sell signals give validity to divergences. • Monthly signals have much more weight than weekly and daily. • Monthly divergences don’t always occur prior to monthly MACD sell signals • But when a sell signal does occur it offers a structural warning. Graystone Bitcoin Trust (GBTC) Weekly: • The March 2021 high (A) was followed by a roughly equal price high (B). However, the MACD momentum peaked at a significantly lower high (Line A1-B1), forming a classic divergence that suggested that upward momentum was fading. • At point C, the weekly MACD moved onto a sell signal (the fast moving average crossed below the slower moving average) strongly suggesting that positions should be either lightened or sold. • After the sell signal was generated, price declined from 50 to 24. • A weekly MACD buy signal was then generated at point D. The subsequent rally carried price near the prior high. • The failure of the MACD to match its prior high warned of potential weakness. • The MACD generated another sell signal at point E, suggesting lightening or selling positions. Price offered another decline from 50 to 24. • After a multi-week consolidation in March-April 2022, price broke below the support @24 (S1-S2). • MACD continues to decline, suggesting that the price decline may not be over, notwithstanding interim rallies. • Before considering a new long, evidence of stabilization at a low and the gradual reversal of the daily, weekly and eventually, monthly MACDs would be required. Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC) Daily • On the daily perspective chart that there is a divergence from price (A-B) and the MACD (C-D) • The divergence warned of the possibility of bearish developments spreading to the weekly and monthly. Graystone Bitcoin Trust (GBTC) Monthly: • The monthly chart also shows a divergence at points MD1 and MD2 and on the histogram at MD3 and MD4. • At the second price high (B), MACD hadn’t yet generated a sell signal, but it was beginning to flatten and roll over. • One can also see the falling histogram, as the MACD narrows (blue arrow), and the divergence progressed, until it finally generated a clear sell. • Price lingered above the support at 24 (S2) for several months providing ample time to adjust positions before the May 2022 price breakdown. Momentum is still declining, suggesting that it’s too soon to consider re-entry, notwithstanding interim rallies, which can carry into resistance, formerly support. Graystone Bitcoin Trust (GBTC) relative to SPX Weekly: • One can also note a similar warning in the weekly Relative Strength (RS) negative divergence. • In this case the RS for BITCOIN/SPX was also suggesting a change from a period of relative overperformance to one of relative underperformance. Is Gold Next? Gold is displaying many of the same long term MACD warning behaviors evident in the GBTC chart. COMEX Gold Daily: • Despite the May 2020 (R1) and 2022 (R2) price peaks being roughly equal, the MACD (R3 & R4) peaked at a much lower level. • A MACD Sell signal occurred after the 2020 peak (R3), alerting to the possible price decline, which eventually carried to the March 2021 low near 1,700 (S1). • The lower March 2022 MACD peak (R4) also registered a sell signal, suggesting one might lighten positions. COMEX Gold Monthly: • There is a monthly multi-year MACD negative divergence between the 2012 (R1) and 2022 (R2) price peaks. • In 2012, the monthly MACD structural sell signal (R3) was very effective as price collapsed toward 1,100 on the sell signal. • In March 2022, the MACD, registered another major monthly sell (R4), and then subsequently rallied to test the high (R2) without generating a new buy signal (A), a sign of weakness. • The MACD has remained negative and appears poised to perhaps continue down. • This suggests that Gold may be in danger of a potentially large decline, especially if support at 1,700 is broken. • Such a breach could easily find support at the breakout level from the 2013 to 2019 basing pattern at 1400. • It is possible, however, that although GOLD has broken out in many other currencies, the extraordinary current strength in the US dollar may be contributing to the Gold disappointment. Louise Yamada CMT LYAdvisors LLC
Editors' picks
GEducation
by CMT_Association
75
1-year special: Indexes and oscillatorsDear readers and TradingView, today, it has been one year since our first publication. Therefore, we would like to express our gratitude for your immense support. Additionally, we prepared an education topic on indexes and oscillators for you. Indexes Indexes are cumulative sums of data, like price, volume, etc., continuously measured over time. Indexes are not limited to the boundaries like oscillators are, showing absolute changes. The relationship between price trend and index trend is more relevant than the value of the index itself. Indexes' forecasting strength lies in spotting the divergence between price and index trends. Therefore, the use of indexes is suitable for analyzing trending markets. Oscillators Oscillators are limited to specific past periods, and unlike indexes, they tend to oscillate within certain boundaries. Although, oscillators without boundaries also exist. The opposing limits usually represent contrary conditions in the market. Therefore, an oscillator's value is relevant for technical analysis as it has interpretative meaning. As oscillators oscillate, they tend to reach upper and lower bound extremes, called overbought and oversold zones. These extremes are implied by the value of 70 for overbought and 30 for oversold conditions. Although, oscillators do not always have to reach extremes near their boundaries. The study of trendlines, channels and patterns is applicable to oscillators. In addition, oscillators can be used to spot the divergence between price trend and oscillator trend. Furthermore, oscillators can be used in both trending and non-trending markets. However, oscillators also tend to perform well in the trading range as they can indicate potential reversals. Illustration 1.01 The picture above shows the daily chart of PepsiCo stock. Additionally, the chart shows the Relative Strength Index (RSI), which is probably one of the most famous momentum oscillators. The general area between 30 and 70 has a purple background. Absolute extremes below 30 and beyond 70 have a white background. Overbought Overbought is the market condition when it, or a security, is being expensive to its relative past time. On a graph, it is illustrated as an upper zone. Oversold Oversold is the condition of a market or particular security when it is being cheap to its relative past period. In other words, it is the opposite of the overbought condition. On a chart, it is depicted as the lower zone. Overbought and oversold level readjustments Overbought and oversold levels should be readjusted according to the strength of a prevalent trend. In an unusually strong uptrend, the overbought zone can be readjusted from 70 to 80 as the oscillator tends to peak at a higher value in such instances. Similarly, the oversold zone can be readjusted from 30 to 40 because an oscillator tends to bottom at a lower value in a strong uptrend. In a powerful downtrend, the overbought level can be readjusted from 70 to 60 as the oscillator tends to reverse sooner. Again similarly, the oversold level can be readjusted from 30 to 20 because an oscillator tends to bottom out at a lower value. Illustration 1.02 Illustration 1.02 depicts the daily chart of American Airlines stock and 21-day Kaufman's Adaptive Moving Average. Leading and lagging indicators The latest era of advanced computerized technology allowed easy usage of indexes and oscillators. These tools are also often called indicators. Technical analysis differentiates between leading and lagging indicators. Leading indicators are observable variables that predict a change in another variable, like price, volatility, etc., with which they are correlated. Leading indicators are used for forecasting purposes. In contrast to leading indicators, lagging indicators exhibit change only after the change in another correlated variable has already occurred. In other words, they trail change in another variable with some latency. Therefore, lagging indicators are good to confirm the prevailing trend. Divergence When a trend is prevalent, and two indexes (or an index and price) are going simultaneously either up or down, they exhibit a positive correlation. However, when this correlation breaks and one index (or the price) keeps going up while another index reverses down, the divergence is said to occur. Technical analysts should pay attention to this instance as it can sometimes foreshadow an upcoming trend reversal. However, there are many instances when divergence occurs, and the reversal in price trend fails to materialize. For this reason, some analysts like to implement the concept of double divergence. Illustration 1.03 The illustration above depicts the daily chart of Coca-Cola stock in a weekly time frame. The divergence between the direction of price movement and the RSI movement is observable. Relationship between the price and the indicator Technical tools are often used to predict the next move in price. However, there are instances when this relationship reverses and price starts to precede the movement of a particular indicator. This phenomenon is called reversal (not to be interchanged with the reversal in trend). Crossover Crossover occurs when the oscillator crosses over a significant level or crosses another oscillator. Important values are often represented by numbers such as 0, 30, 50, and 70. Other significant values can be either in the middle of the scale or near the boundaries of an oscillator. A trend is typically bullish when the oscillator moves above 0. When the oscillator moves below 0, it is generally considered to be bearish. Mechanical traders favor crossovers because they are easily observed, and their implementation helps avoid emotions that could potentially interfere with the trader's decision-making. Illustration 1.04 The picture above shows the daily chart of Glencore stock and MACD. Bullish crossovers occurred when MACD passed through the midpoint indicated by the number 0. This was followed by the beginning of the rally. Utility of indexes and oscillators Technical tools such as indexes and oscillators can be used to analyze a large spectrum of assets. They apply to stocks, commodities, ETFs, futures, currencies, and even cryptocurrencies. DISCLAIMER: This analysis is not intended to encourage any buying or selling of any particular securities. Furthermore, it should not serve as a basis for taking any trade action by an individual investor. Therefore, your own due diligence is highly advised before entering a trade.
SP:SPXEducation
by Tradersweekly
How To Trade Divergence Divergence simply means separation.. When two similar things things---get separated and start going different directions, you have to consider which direction to follow. That's exactly the concept of divergence. When trading, and you spot a divergence, you want to be sure to understand what they are trying to tell you. In this video, I explain the concept of divergences, how to trade them and what to do when you sight one. Be sure to like, follow and comment. I want to see those div trades!
OANDA:NAS100USDEducation
by lazyluchi
A Deep Dive Into The MACD1. Introduction The Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) indicator created by Gerald Appel in 1979 (1) is part of the pantheon of technical indicators, being one of the most used and influential ever created. The popularity of the MACD allowed further studies and more varied applications of the indicator, from signal processing in neuroscience (2), prediction of hospitalizations (3)...etc. In this post, we will highlight extensive details, calculations, and usages of this legendary indicator. If you wanted to go beyond what you learned about the MACD, then this post is for you. Note that some contents of this post can be complex and might not suit certain readers, feel free to skip the sections of your choice. 2. Details This oscillator returns 3 time-series, the MACD, obtained from the difference between two exponential moving averages of different periods, a signal line, obtained from the exponential moving average of the MACD, and a histogram obtained from the difference between the MACD and the signal line. Each MACD component allows evaluating the current market trend direction, momentum, and acceleration. Many traders believe the amount of information the MACD can return is sufficient to be used as a standalone for both trend-following and contrarian trading. In terms of digital signal processing, the MACD can be classified as an infinite impulse response (IIR) bandpass filter, filtering out both lower and higher frequency components of a signal, thus having the ability to both detrend and smooth. The MACD filter satisfies the conditions for being a discreet time linear time-invariant (DLTI) system, it is linear and time-invariant: macd_(a + b) = macd_(a) + macd_(b) -> Additivity K × macd_(x) = macd_(K × x) -> Homogeneity macd_(x ) = macd_(x) -> Time Invariance 3. Calculation The MACD oscillator is obtained from the difference of two exponential moving averages (ExpMA), one using a faster period (often 12) and one using a slower period (often 26). MACD_ = ExpMA(price,fast) - ExpMA(price,slow) We can also obtain the MACD from the following difference equation: y = (price - price ) × g + ((1 - a1) + (1 - a2)) × y - (1 - a1) × (1 - a2) × y where a1 is the smoothing constant of the fast ExpMA, a2 the smoothing constant of the slow ExpMA, and g is the gain constant obtained from the difference between the smoothing constant of the two ExpMA's: g = a1 - a2 = 2/(fast+1) - 2/(slow+1) 4. Impulse Response The impulse response of the MACD is the result obtained by applying the MACD to a unit impulse signal, given by the Kronecker delta function d . d = 1 if t = 0, else 0 The impulse response fully describes the properties of the MACD and can be obtained from the difference between the impulse response of two ema's with periods fast and slow . The impulse response of an exponential moving average h(ExpMA) over time t with smoothing constant a is given by: h(ExpMA) = a × (1 - a)^t As such for the impulse response of the MACD h(MACD) over time t we obtain: h(MACD_) = a1 × (1 - a1)^t - a2 × (1 - a2)^t Like with an exponential moving average, the impulse response of the MACD does not become steady, instead continuing indefinitely, hence why it is classified as an infinite impulse response filter. 5. Frequency Response The frequency response of filters allows us to determine how they affect the frequency content of a signal. The frequency response can be directly obtained from the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of the impulse response, which for the MACD returns: H(e^iw) = SUM h × e^-iwn, for n = 0 to ∞ = SUM (a1 × (1 - a1)^n - a2 × (1 - a2)^n) × e^-iwn with w = 2 × pi × f . The infinite sum makes its direct computation infeasible. It is generally more common to evaluate the filter transfer function H(e^iw) obtained from the Z transform given by: A(iw) = b + b × z^-iw + ... + b × z^-iwP ------------------------------------------------- B(iw) = a + a × z^-iw + ... + a × z^-iwQ With feed-forward coefficient b and feedback coefficients a . This transfer function assumes a filter of the form: y = SUM b × x - SUM a × y , for p = 0 to P & for q = 1 to Q This is the reverse ordering used by the MACD difference equation previously described, as such the MACD transfer function is given by: g + -g × z^-iw ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 + × z^-iw + × z^-iw2 The frequency response is then obtained by evaluating the above transfer function for z = e . 5.1 Magnitude Response The magnitude response describes how a filter attenuates the amplitude of the frequencies composing a signal. It is obtained from the absolute value of the transfer function |H(e^iw)| , that is: |H(e^iw)| = sqrt(Real ^2 + Imag ^2) For the MACD we obtain the closed-form solution: sqrt(g^2 × sin(2 × pi × f)^2 + (g - g × cos(2 × pi × f))^2) |H(f)| = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sqrt( ^2 + ^2) with A1 = (a1 - 1) + (a2 - 1) and A2 = (a1 - 1) × (a2 - 1) . In the previous figure we can see the magnitude response of the MACD using fast = 12 and slow = 26 . This magnitude response is asymmetric, we can see attenuation of lower frequency components, and a poor attenuation of high-frequency components. The above figure shows various MACD magnitude responses for various configurations of the fast and slow settings. We can see on the left that a fast period closer to the slow period return magnitude responses with fatter tails as well as a decreasing resonant frequency (frequency where the filter returns the least attenuation), on the right, we can see how increasing the slow period returns a lower attenuation of the peak frequency. 6. Usage The MACD has known a wide variety of usages amongst traders, extending from trend-following to contrarian methodologies. The most basic usage of the MACD is given by evaluating the sign of the MACD, with a positive sign (fast ExpMa > slow ExpMA) indicating an uptrend and a negative sign (fast ExpMa < slow ExpMA) indicating a downtrend. We can see that this usage does not differ from the one given by a simple MA cross strategy. The user might also suffer from the excessive lag produced by this simplistic approach. The strength of the indicator can come from the usage of the MACD with the signal line and histogram. A timelier approach would identify an uptrend when the MACD is above its signal line (histogram above 0) and a downtrend when the MACD is under the signal line (histogram under 0). This approach makes better use of the leading characteristic of the MACD oscillator, thus offering more predictive insights. However, an increment in timing does not come at no cost, with the more recurrent of whipsaw trades. Notice in the image above how the usage of the MACD with the signal line allows for a faster trend detection compared to using the MACD alone. We can also see how this usage of the indicator is more sensitive to shorter-term price variations, inducing potential whipsaw trades. This is caused by the common tendencies that oscillators have to increase the presence of noise in an input series. It is also possible to use a combination of both usages in order to avoid their disadvantages, for example opening trades based on the sign of the MACD while exiting trades when the MACD crosses the signal line. However, the main disadvantage of using the histogram can appear when the user must optimize indicator settings, with a usage based only on the MACD meaning that two settings would need to be optimized, while usage based on the histogram would mean optimizing three settings, which is computationally more expensive. 6.1 Divergences Divergences are commonly used with oscillators. A divergence occurs when the price tops/bottoms and MACD tops/bottoms are negatively correlated. This can indicate a trend impulse of lower amplitude, which could highlight a potential reversal. 6.2 Fast > Slow Period MACD The MACD already possesses some leading characteristics, allowing to anticipate turning points. However, the ability of the MACD to provide signals anticipating future trends mostly depends on the current market conditions, with certain price variations complicating the leading ability of the MACD. The predictive abilities of the MACD can be improved using a fast period higher than the slow period. Assuming the user uses the histogram of the MACD, cyclical variations within a price trend will generally prove to be problematic if the signal length excessively delays the MACD. Inverting the fast and slow period can help signal early reversal, instead of suffering from the excessive delay introduced by the histogram. The practice of inverting MACD fast and slow period was proposed by Ehlers (4), we can also see that optimizing MACD settings in mean reverting markets can tend to return fast periods higher than slow periods. We can see that such an approach is directed toward contrarian traders. 7. MACD Using Different Type of Moving Averages The MACD uses exponential for the calculation of the fast, slow, and signal moving averages by default, however different types of moving averages can be used. The MACD would directly inherit the characteristics of the type of moving average used, thus improving characteristics such as reactivity and smoothness. For example, certain users prefer using the simple moving average, returning slightly lower reactive MACD with a slightly higher degree of filtering. Using low lag moving averages would return a very reactive MACD, with a histogram able to anticipate MACD turning points due to the ability of low lag moving averages to over/undershoot the input signal. Notice in the above chart how the MACD based on the Hull moving average (bottom) is more reactive than a regular MACD (top) with equal settings. Also, notice how the signal line is able to exceed the MACD before the occurrence of its turning point. However, it can be more interesting to use more than one kind of moving averages for the MACD calculation, using a type of moving average that is suitable for each MACD component. As such it would be more interesting to have a low lag moving average as fast-moving average, and a more classical one as slow and signal moving average. References (1) Appel, Gerald. "Technical Analysis Power Tools for Active Investors." Financial Times Prentice Hall. p. 166 (2005) (2) Durantin, Gautier, et al. "Moving Average Convergence Divergence filter preprocessing for real-time event-related peak activity onset detection: Application to fNIRS signals." 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2014. (3) Zhang, Jufen, et al. "Predicting hospitalization due to worsening heart failure using daily weight measurement: analysis of the Trans‐European Network‐Home‐Care Management System (TEN‐HMS) study." European journal of heart failure 11.4 (2009): 420-427. (4) Ehlers, John F. "The MACD Indicator Revisited." (1991).
COINBASE:ETHUSDEducation
by LuxAlgo
15
One divergence indicator to rule them allGreetings Traders, We are continuing with our (mini) series in which we break down the (seemingly endless) features of The Divergent indicator. Today we are going to discuss the various oscillators The Divergent supports detecting divergences on. In contrast to other divergence indicators on TradingView, The Divergent comes with oscillators built-in. This means you won't have to add it on top of other indicators on your chart; it is completely standalone. Why is that a good thing? It is because The Divergent respects your indicator quota - it will only use up a single slot on your chart. The Divergent ships with the following oscillators: MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence) RSI (Relative Strength Index) CMF (Chaikin Money Flow) Stochastic RSI MFI (Money Flow Index) TCI (Trading Channel Index, aka. WaveTrend) Balance of Power CCI (Commodity Channel Index) Awesome Oscillator Each oscillator is fully customisable, allowing you to tweak them the way you desire. To choose another oscillator, simply open The Divergent 's settings panel, and select a different one from the list. A further benefit of having the oscillators built into the indicator, is that it opens up the possibility to apply various filters to the detected divergences. For example, if you have the RSI selected, you can configure The Divergent to only signal those RSI divergences, that manifest under the oversold or above the overbought areas. These filters will be introduced in detail in future articles. To learn more about The Divergent , please see the related ideas linked at the bottom. If you liked this post, please don't forget to give it a thumbs up! If you have any questions, please feel free to ask in the comments section below. Thank you for your attention!
Education
by WhiteboxSoftware
1
ULTIMATE MACD GUIDE - ENTRY'S AND EXITS 📚The Moving Average Convergence Divergence Oscillator , otherwise known as MACD, is one of the most powerful and dynamic indicators, if you can learn to use it properly. It is easily one of my personal favorite indicators, and one that I currently use when scalping and day trading. Now before we get into how the MACD works on a technical level, let’s first go over how the MACD helps us fundamentally. We can break it’s benefits down into 4 categories - in which it allows us to measure and predict the following: The strength of a pattern The momentum of a movement The direction of a movement The duration of a movement Let’s breakdown each of those -The Strength Of A Pattern- Have you ever seen price approach the outer limits of a wedge, channel, or support / resistance and wondered, cluelessly whether or not it would actually break through or end up rejecting? The MACD allows us to predict the pressure behind a certain sentiment, and therefore predict the odds of that pattern completing successfully. (possible example) -The Momentum Of A Movement- When trading, especially day trading, it is important to have almost impeccable timing for entries and exits. The MACD allows us to see and predict current and future momentum. This is powerful, as it allows us to enter a long before the rest of the market has gone long (essentially entering a long before the market pumps.) This increases our profit/loss ratio - therefore decreasing risk and allowing for more sturdy stop losses. -The Direction Of A Movement- This one is quite obvious when looking at the MACD, but without the indicator, it can sometimes be quite difficult to even see which way the market is trending (periods of high consolidation for instance) By utilizing the MACD on multiple time frames, we can have a glimpse of where the market is headed, even if it is unknown on the smaller time frames. (the opposite is also true, when the higher time frames are in periods of high consolidation, we can take a look at the lower time frames to get an idea of where it is heading) -The Duration Of A Movement- As mentioned previously, it is extremely important as a day trader to have very accurate entries and exits. Ironically, one of the most difficult things for a novice trader to predict is an accurate exit. if you exit too early, you miss out on valuable profits and further decrease your profit to loss ratio. Yet, if you exit too late, you also lose valuable profits and decrease your P&L ratio. How do you find that sweet spot, to maximize your profits? The MACD allows us to use past history to predict the duration of the current trend, and exit when it is most necessary. -How To Apply The MACD And Gain Its Benefits- Now that we have gone over exactly what the MACD offers, it is time to learn how to use it. the MACD consists of 4 components: The signal line (slow line) The “MACD” line (fast line) The baseline The histogram (a visual, often color coded representation of both lines interacting) These four components interact with each other in a very dynamic way, and allows for very versatile, wave-like movement (one of the only of its kind.) This is incredibly useful, as the market itself works in a very similar wave-like pattern of thrusts and rest, thrusts and rest and so on. there aren’t many other indicators (if any) that display the markets ebb and flow quite like the MACD. Let's break down what each aspect does. -The Signal Line- The signal line or ‘slow line’ is calculated based on the 26-period ema. This is the standard numerical value for the MACD, but can typically be adjusted in it’s settings to your preference. The signal line is the basis for whether a trend is overbought/ oversold and whether the momentum is bullish/ bearish. -The MACD Line (fast line)- The MACD line is calculated based on the 12-period ema. When the MACD line crosses above the signal line, this is considered the very beginning of a bullish movement. Why is this the case? Well, if the average price of the past 12 candles is moving higher than the average price of the past 26 candles, we can assume that in the short term, the momentum is bullish. The opposite is also true. when the MACD line is below the signal line, this is the very beginning of a bearish movement. -The Baseline- The baseline is considered the very center of the MACD indicator. It is the line where the red and green bars of the histogram meet and where the scale on the right hand side reads zero. The purpose of the baseline is to further indicate the distance between the signal and MACD line. the higher above the baseline the MACD and signal line go, the further the distance is between the two (meaning the 12-period ema is much higher than the 26-period ema.) This is useful in showing how overbought or oversold the equity is in that particular time frame. The opposite is also true. the lower below the baseline these lines move, the further apart they are. However, in this case, the 12-ema is much lower than the 26-period ema. This indicates that the price may be oversold. -The Histogram- The histogram is the bread and butter of this entire indicator. As you become more familiar, the signal and MACD line will be very helpful in seeing the nuances of a movement and the market as a whole. As a beginner though, the histogram is your best friend. it takes all of the information mentioned previously, and compacts neatly into a color coded, numerical value system. Each bar of the histogram corresponds to the above candle. This is useful as it allows us to predict future histogram bars, and where the MACD may be headed in the future. Whenever the MACD line crosses above the signal, the histogram turns green. whenever the MACD line crosses below the signal, the histogram turns red. As the MACD approaches the signal line, the histogram weakens, and the bars grow smaller and smaller - closer and closer to the baseline. However, as the MACD line separates from the signal, the histogram bars grow larger and larger, further from the baseline. -The Culmination- All of this information can be combined, to assess the MACD on multiple time frames and make an educated decision on market direction. A trading plan using the MACD could look something like this (using SPY): -Before the market opens, check hourly MACD. wait until the hourly looks oversold, and the histogram appears to have peaked. (once the newest histogram bar is shorter than the previous, this marks the peak) -Once peaked, this indicates that momentum for the next several hours should return to the baseline (spy is oversold) -Now, you could go to lower time frames such as the 5 and 15 minute, keeping in mind that the hourly is oversold, so buying pressure should be at its heaviest now. -Use the MACD on the lower time frames to judge the smaller thrust and rest periods, buy at the rests and sell at the thrusts. Don't even get me started on how I view a chart as a collection of emotions, and how I believe the MACD displays these emotions better than any other indicator can (we'll save that for a separate post.) The MACD and its strategies/ nuances could be talked about for hours, but I hope this helped. I'll likely be doing another post, outlining more concrete examples of how to use it, so stay tuned!
COINBASE:BTCUSDEducation
by SJ_CAP
6
Determination of Divergence Strategy with HHTD Indicator.After the divergence detection, a trend is drawn from the two lows or two highs on the HHTD indicator. The trade is entered after the trend break. The target point can be determined by the Fibonacci levels. Sapma tespitinden sonra, HHTD göstergesindeki iki en düşük veya iki en yüksek değerden bir trend çizilir. Trend kırılmasından sonra ticarete girilir. Hedef nokta, Fibonacci seviyeleri ile belirlenebilir.
NASDAQ:AAPLEducation
by cryptofreezone360
Testing My Forex Trading Strategy My technique that i used to determine whether to buy or sell a currency pair at any given time. that technique is based on three Fondamental Points : CCI (convergence /divergence) Tops / Bottoms Trendline Fibo retracement. For thiis pair , we expacet an strong bearish to dwon level for next weeks approx (3-4 months) So Lets see the result by testing this time with EUR NZD For more information how to learn this method ,you can inbox me at any time
Education
by winerstep
2
How to send Divergence signals to your Discord server- Do you have a Discord server set up for your own trading community? - Do you use divergences as part of your trading strategy? - Would you like to send automated notifications to your Discord server whenever a divergence appears on any chart? If you have answered yes to all 3 questions above, please keep on reading. The easiest way to receive automated Divergence alerts to your Discord server, is to combine the alert messages from "The Divergent" divergence indicator on TradingView with a Webhook endpoint on your Discord server. Step 1: Open Discord, and go to Server Settings Step 2: Go to Integrations and create a new Webhook Step 3 (optional): Rename your Webhook to "The Divergent (Divergence indicator)" Step 4: Select the channel you wish to receive the divergence signals to (i.e. #divergence-signals) Step 5: Save your Webhook Step 6: Copy your Webhook URL to your clipboard and head over to TradingView Step 7: Apply "The Divergent" or "The Divergent (Pro)" indicator to your chart and configure it as you prefer (The free version of The Divergent can signal Regular Divergences only, while the Pro version can signal both Regular and Hidden Divergences) Step 8: Create a new alert, select "The Divergent" from the top drop down and select one of the Divergence signals (i.e. Regular Bullish) Step 9: Use the Webhook URL from your clipboard as the Webhook URL of the alert Step 10: Use the following alert message: {"content": "The Divergent detected a Regular Bearish Divergence (RSI) on {{exchange}}:{{ticker}} ({{interval}}) @TradingView #divergence $BTC "} Sample message delivered on Discord: "The Divergent detected a Regular Bearish Divergence (RSI) on BINANCE:BTCUSDT (60) @TradingView #divergence $BTC" Feel free to change the content to match your chart / type of divergence you are signalling in the alert. Note : It is important that you format your alert message as a JSON string, and that you key the message with "content". If you have never used JSON before, it is a good idea to validate your message via jsonlint.com to make sure it is a valid JSON string. Repeat the same steps for other charts / divergences. Create as many alerts, as many markets / divergences you want to signal to your Discord server. If you have any questions, please feel free to post it in the comments section below. If this tutorial was helpful to you, please consider giving it a thumbs up! Thank you!
Education
by WhiteboxSoftware
2