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Financial ratios: digesting them togetherI hope that after studying the series of posts about company financial statements, you stopped being afraid of them. I suggest we build on that success and dive into the fascinating world of financial ratios. What is it? Let's look at the following example. Let's say you open up a company's balance sheet and see that the amount of debt is $100 million. Do you think this is a lot or a little? To me, it's definitely a big deal. But can we say the company has a huge debt based only on how we feel about it? I don't think so. However, if you find that a company that generates $10 billion in annual revenue has $100 million in debt (i.e. only 1% of revenue), what would you say then? That's objectively small, isn't it? It turns out that without correlating one indicator with another, we cannot draw any objective conclusion. This correlation is called the Financial Ratio . The recipe for a normal financial ratio is simple: we take one or two indicators from the financial statements, add some market data, put it all into a formula that includes a division operation - we obtain the financial ratio. In TradingView you can find a lot of financial ratios in the section Financials -> Statistics . However, I only use a few financial ratios which give me an idea about the financial situation of the company and its value: What can you notice when looking at this table? - Profit and revenue are frequent components of financial ratios because they are universal units of measurement for other reporting components. Just as length can be measured in feet and weight in pounds, a company's debts can be measured in revenues. - Some financial ratios are ratios, some are percentages, and some are days. - There are no financial ratios in the table whose data source is the Cash Flow Statement. The fact is that cash flows are rarely used in financial ratios because they can change drastically from quarter to quarter. This is especially true for financial and investment cash flow. That's why I recommend analyzing cash flows separately. In my next post, I'll break down each financial ratio from this table in detail and explain why I use them specifically. See you soon!
SP:SPXEducation
by Be_Capy
Backtesting Tip- What You May Be Doing WrongThis part of trading is very unattractive to most people or simply performed incorrectly. There is nothing flashy about back-testing and it requires time, work and patience. Most individuals interested in trading will avoid this part of the job all together at first or use an automated approach to testing, leading them to failure after failure without ever acknowledging the issue! I know the idea of so much work consisting of this much time is daunting but you will learn to appreciate the process. Even if you never like testing a strategy, you don't really have much of a choice. You will eventually develop some way of testing/monitoring your trading strategy & performance because without this, I can almost guarantee you will not succeed. I have touched on many of the back testing mistakes in the past and will discuss more in the future I am sure- but today I am going to answer a crucial question that has been asked to me several times. When Back testing a strategy, do I need to test the strategy for each individual market (ticker) I am trading? The answer to this question is YES! Let me clarify exactly what I mean so there is no confusion- As an example, lets say you have created a strategy and tested it correctly on GOLD (XAUUSD). Your test results show that this strategy DOES work when trading gold and maybe you have successfully used it in your live account as well. This DOES NOT mean that this strategy is going to work when trading Silver or EURUSD or TSLA. You must test each market (ticker symbol) separately, as results will vary wildly. A strategy that is profitable while trading one market may not be profitable in another! It is important that you gather proper data points in regards to this strategies performance as well, in order to identify any changes in results over time. It is not uncommon to have to make adjustments to a strategy over time as market conditions and behavior change- to ensure you remain profitable. In summary- each market (or ticker symbol) must be treated as its own entity, therefore your strategy needs to be tested for each individual market you plan to trade it in. After you have tested a strategy and it is producing profits, you will want to monitor this strategy, in order to determine if you are making trading mistakes or simply need to make new adjustments to accommodate recent changes in market conditions, or behavior. I know this was a short one but very important! I hope this was helpful and if you have any questions or would like to use the backtesting tool that I use- please leave a comment and I will follow up asap!
Education
by Alec40
2
📈HOW TO RECOVER FROM A TRADING LOSS📉 🔰Analyze the reasons behind the trading loss: Understanding what caused the loss is essential to avoid repeating the same mistake. Analyze the market conditions, trading strategy, and emotions behind the loss. 🔰Stick to a trading plan: A trading plan acts as a blueprint for a successful trading journey. Follow your trading plan and avoid any impulsive decisions. 🔰Cut losses short: Don't hold onto losing trades in the hope of recouping your losses. Cut the losses immediately and move on to the next opportunity. 🔰Diversify: Diversification can reduce your overall risk. Spread your investments across multiple channels and avoid investing all your money in a single asset. 🔰Learn from successful traders: Successful traders can provide valuable advice and insights into trading. Follow their strategies and learn from their experiences. 🔰Reduce the trading size: To avoid significant losses, reduce your trading size. Start with small trades and gradually increase the position size. 🔰Control emotions: Emotions play a significant role in trading. Avoid trading based on emotions and stick to the trading plan. 🔰Stay informed: Keep abreast of the latest market news and events. Follow economic indicators, news releases, and expert opinions. 🔰Take a break: Taking a break after a trading loss can help you clear your mind and recharge. Take time to assess your trading journey, re-evaluate your strategy and come back refreshed. ❗️Remember that trading losses are part of the journey, and everyone experiences them. Recovering from a loss requires discipline, patience, and a willingness to learn from mistakes. Stick to your plan, manage risk, control emotions and with time, recover from the loss. I Hope you guys learned something new today✅ Wish you all Best Of Luck👍 😇And may the odds be always in your favor😇 Do you like this post? Do you want more articles like that
Education
by ProSignalsFx
12
Perfect BBands Strateg. w/ Indic. SetupThis one is for anybody looking to try a new consistently solid strategy with multiple intuitive indicators setup that is not automated - yet. But, since the strategy part of this setup relies mostly on a simple but effective BBands strategy (I've found best results with 15m), it shouldn't be that hard to get automation setup. As it is now, the indicators included in this setup work perfectly together to give even beginner traders a rather good idea of where the trend is going and when to enter/exit their trades. This is a great setup for those using a free TV account since it combines certain indicators together by making use of the Pine Editor. So technically, only 3 indicators/strategies are used. In this case, 2 indicators and 1 strategy. All features of the indicators combined in terms of being able to adjust settings for each can still be fine tuned and have not been negatively impacted by the merging of multiple indicators. If you like this setup or have any suggestions to improve it, please let me know and if you consider testing this out with automation - send me a private message and let's discuss it.
EEducation
by Kev_Bourn
Thoughts About Selling Courses and Strategies Regarding the idea of selling courses and strategies online, I would like to share my thoughts with everyone for reference. (1) Successful traders usually don't lack money, and they are often unwilling to share the money-making tools they have developed through hard work and research. A few ambitious traders are willing to share their experience, knowledge, and even occasionally reveal their trading cards. Facebook provides many free high-quality resources. In addition, there are very few traders who are just starting out and hope to earn some extra income, but they do not treat trading as their main business. (2) If you find that a trader has been selling courses for more than five or ten years, you need to carefully evaluate whether they have really made money from the market. The power of compounding is frightening, and if they are capable, they should have made a fortune a long time ago. (3) In fact, trading is not just about having a profitable strategy. Taking futures as an example, most traders end up losing money, even though their strategies may not be the problem. Therefore, selling a fishing rod (strategy) without teaching how to use it is not enough to make you successful in trading. (4) I believe that trading, like any competitive sport, should have coaches. However, this culture seems to be lacking in the domestic market. Just like when I learned how to play Texas Hold'em, I sought out a coach to establish the correct concept. Otherwise, even if you succeed, it will only be a fluke, and if you fail, it will be common. Proper money management and psychological adjustment are more important than technical skills. I suggest that everyone can buy books on the market to learn on their own. If you can't even find a book to read, you may not be suitable for trading at all. If you encounter difficulties during the process of practicing what you have learned from the book, you can come to me for help as a coach. I am willing to help, but I also hope that you can donate the money you make in the future to those in need.
CME_MINI:NQ1!Education
by Eleta1228
1
Cash flow vibrationsIn the previous post we started to analyze the Cash flow statement. From it, we learned about the existence of three cash flows - operating cash flow, financial cash flow, and investment cash flow. Like three rivers, they fill the company's "lake of cash" (that is, they go with a "+" sign). However, there are three other rivers that flow out of our lake, preventing it from expanding indefinitely. What are their names? They have absolutely identical names: operating cash flow, financial cash flow, and investment cash flow (and they go with a "-" sign). Why so? Because all of the company's outgoing payments can also be divided into these three rivers: Operating payments include the purchase of raw materials, the payment of wages - everything related to the production and support of the product. Financial payments include repayment of debt and interest on it, payment of dividends, or buyback of shares from shareholders. Investment payments include the purchase of non-current assets (say, the purchase of additional buildings or shares in another company). If the inflows from the three rivers on the left are greater than the outflows into the rivers on the right, then our lake will increase in volume, meaning that the company's cash balances will grow. If the outflows into the three rivers on the right are greater than the inflows from the rivers on the left, the lake will become shallow and eventually dry up. So, the cash flow statement shows how much our lake has increased or decreased over the period (quarter or year). This report can be presented as four entries: Each value of A, B, and C is the difference between what came into our lake from the river and what flowed out of the lake by the river of the same name. That is, the value can be either positive or negative. How can we interpret the meanings of the different flows? Let's break down each of them. Operating cash flow . In a fundamentally strong company, it is the most stable and powerful river. The implication is that it should be the main source of "water" for our lake. Negative operating cash flow is an indicator of serious problems with the business because it means it is not generating money. Investment cash flow . This is the most unpredictable river, as sometimes it can be very powerful and sometimes it can flow like a thin trickle. This is due to the fact that the purchase or sale of non-current assets (recall that these may be buildings, equipment, shares in other companies) does not occur as regularly as operational activities. A sudden negative investment flow tells us about some big purchase. Shareholders do not always view such events positively, as they may consider it an unwise expenditure or a threat to dividend payments. Therefore, they may start to sell their shares, which causes their price to drop. If a big purchase is perceived as an opportunity to reach the next level and capture more market share, then we may see exactly the opposite effect - an increase in share price. Financial cash flow . A negative value of this cash flow can be seen as a very positive signal because it means that the company is either actively reducing its debt to creditors, or using the money to pay dividends, or spending the money to buy its own stock (*), or maybe all of these together. (*) Here you may ask, why would a company buy its own stock? Management sometimes does this when they are confident in the success of their business and want to support the growth of their stock. The company becomes a major buyer of its own stock for some time so that it begins to grow. The process itself is called share buyback . Positive financial cash flow, on the other hand, signals either an increase in debt or the sale of its own stock. As far as debt is concerned, you can't say that loans are bad for business. But there has to be a measure. But the sale by a company of its own shares is already an alarming signal to the current shareholders. It means that the company doesn't have enough money coming out of operating cash flow. There is another type of cash flow that is not a separate "river," but is used as information about how much cash the company has left to meet its obligations to creditors and shareholders. This is Free cash flow . It is simple to calculate: just subtract one of the components of the investment cash flow from the operating cash flow. This component is called Capital expenditures (often abbreviated as CAPEX). Capital expenditures include outgoing payments that go toward the purchase of non-current assets , such as land, buildings, equipment, etc. (Free cash flow = Operating cash flow - Capital expenditures) Free cash flow can be characterized as the "living" money that a company has created over a period, which can be used to repay loans, pay dividends, and buyback stocks from shareholders. If free cash flow is very weak or even negative, it is a reason for creditors, shareholders and investors to think about how the company is doing business. This concludes my discussion of the cash flow statement topic. Next time, let's talk about the magic ratios that you can get from a company's financial statements. They greatly facilitate the process of fundamental analysis and are widely used by investors around the world. We will talk about the so-called Financial Ratios . See you soon!
NASDAQ:AAPLEducation
by Be_Capy
❌NO RISK OF LOSS=NO CHANCE OF GAIN✅ *️⃣There are several reasons why losses are part of the game: 1️⃣Emotion: Traders, just like all human being, are prone to emotional bias, which can lead to impulsive decision making and ultimately to losses. 2️⃣Probability: Even with the best trading strategy, there will be losing trades. It's important to remember that not all trades will be successful, and losses are a normal part of the process. A successful trader should aim to have more winning trades than losing ones. 3️⃣Markets are unpredictable: Even the most experienced traders can't predict market movements with 100% accuracy. Unforeseen events, such as natural disasters or major political announcements can cause sudden changes in market conditions, leading to losses. 4️⃣Risk is inherent in trading: All forms of investing involve some level of risk. In trading, the risk is even greater due to the fast-paced nature of the markets and the fact that positions are often held for shorter periods of time. 5️⃣There is no Holy grail strategy: There is no one strategy that will work in every market condition and for every trader. Different strategies work better in different market conditions, and a trader should be flexible and adaptable to changing market conditions. ▶️It's important to remember that losses are a normal part of trading, and traders should not be discouraged by them. Instead, traders should focus on managing risk, learning from losses, and continuing to develop and refine their trading strategies over time. I Hope you guys learned something new today✅ Wish you all Best Of Luck👍 😇And may the odds be always in your favor😇 Do you like this post? Do you want more articles like that
Education
by ProSignalsFx
10
Cash flow statement or Three great riversToday we're going to start taking apart the third and final report that the company publishes each quarter and year - it's Cash flow statement. Remember, when we studied the balance sheet , we learned that one of the company's assets is cash in accounts. This is a very important asset because if the company doesn't have money in the account, it can't buy raw materials, pay employees' salaries, etc. What, in general, is a "company" in the eyes of an accountant? These are assets that have been purchased on credit or with equity, for the purpose of earning a net income for its shareholders or investing that income in further growth. That is, the source of cash in a company's account may be profits . But why do I say "may be"? The point is that it's possible to have a situation where profits are positive on the income statement, but there is no money physically in the account. To make sense of this, let's remember the workshop I use in all the examples. Suppose our master sold all of his boots on credit. That is, he was promised payment, but later. He ended up with a receivable in assets and, most interestingly, generated revenue. The accountant will calculate the revenue for these sales, despite the fact that the shop hasn't actually received the money yet. Then the accountant will deduct the expenses from the revenue, and the result will be a profit. But there is zero money in the account. So what should our master do? The orders are coming in, but there is nothing to pay for the raw materials. In such circumstances, while the master is waiting for the repayment of debts from customers, he himself borrows from the bank to top up his current account with money. Now let us make his situation more complicated. Let us assume that the money borrowed he still does not have enough, and the bank does not give more. The only thing left is to sell some of his property, that is, some of his assets. Remember, when we took apart the assets of the workshop , the master had shares in an oil company. This is something he could sell without hurting the production process. Then there is enough money in the checking account to produce boots uninterrupted. Of course, this is a wildly exaggerated example, since more often than not, profits are money, after all, and not the virtual records of an accountant. Nevertheless, I gave this example to make it clear that cash in the account and profit are related, but still different concepts. So what does the cash flow statement show? Let's engage our imagination again. Imagine a lake with three rivers flowing into it on the left and three rivers flowing out on the right. That is, on one side the lake feeds on water, and on the other side it gives it away. So the asset called "cash" on the balance sheet is the lake. And the amount of cash is the amount of water in that lake. Let's now name the three rivers that feed our lake. Let's call the first river the operating cash flow . When we receive the money from product sales, the lake is filled with water from the first river. The second river on the left is called the financial cash flow . This is when we receive financing from outside, or, to put it simply, we borrow. Since this is money received into the company's account, it also fills our lake. The third river let's call investment cash flow . This is the flow of money we get from the sale of the company's non-current assets. In the example with the master, these were assets in the form of oil company stock. Their sale led to the replenishment of our notional money lake. So we have a lake of money, which is filled thanks to three flows: operational, financial, and investment. That sounds great, but our lake is not only getting bigger, but it's also getting smaller through the three outgoing flows. I'll tell you about that in my next post. See you soon!
NASDAQ:AMZNEducation
by Be_Capy
Trading EUR/USD with Moving Averages and Price ActionA simple way to trade EUR/USD is by taking advantage of its tendency to retest the 200-period moving average on the hourly chart. To do this, wait for the currency pair to move away significantly from the 200-period moving average and show signs of overbought or oversold conditions with two peaks or troughs, along with divergence. This presents an opportunity to enter a trade in the direction of the moving average. To execute this strategy, first, identify the 200-period moving average on the hourly chart of the EUR/USD pair. Next, monitor the price action to look for significant deviations from the moving average with clear signs of overbought or oversold conditions. This may include the formation of two peaks or troughs with divergence in the price action. Once you have identified these conditions, consider entering a trade in the direction of the moving average. For instance, if the price is significantly above the moving average and shows signs of overbought conditions, consider entering a short trade. On the other hand, if the price is significantly below the moving average and shows signs of oversold conditions, consider entering a long trade. In summary, this strategy involves identifying overbought or oversold conditions in the EUR/USD pair, along with divergence and two peaks or troughs, as it moves away from the 200-period moving average. This can help you identify trading opportunities in the direction of the moving average. ----------------------------------------------- Share your feedback in the comments and demonstrate your support by liking the tutorial. Please follow if you're interested in more tutorials like this. Your support is highly valued!
Education
by Candlestick_OB
2
My precious-s-s-s EPSIn the previous post , we began looking at the Income statement that the company publishes for each quarter and year. The report contains important information about different types of profits : gross profit, operating income, pretax income, and net income. Net income can serve both as a source of further investment in the business and as a source of dividend payments to shareholders (of course, if a majority of shareholders vote to pay dividends). Now let's break down the types of stock on which dividends can be paid. There are only two: preferred stock and common stock . We know from my earlier post that a stock gives you the right to vote at a general meeting of shareholders, the right to receive dividends if the majority voted for them, and the right to part of the bankrupt company's assets if something is left after paying all debts to creditors. So, this is all about common stock. But sometimes a company, along with its common stock, also issues so-called preferred stock. What advantages do they have over common stock? - They give priority rights to receive dividends. That is, if shareholders have decided to pay dividends, the owners of preferred shares must receive dividends, but the owners of common shares may be deprived because of the same decision of the shareholders. - The company may provide for a fixed amount of dividend on preferred shares. That is, if the decision was made to pay a dividend, preferred stockholders will receive the fixed dividend that the company established when it issued the shares. - If the company goes bankrupt, the assets that remain after the debts are paid are distributed to the preferred shareholders first, and then to the common shareholders. In exchange for these privileges, the owners of such shares do not have the right to vote at the general meeting of shareholders. It should be said that preferred shares are not often issued, but they do exist in some companies. The specific rights of shareholders of preferred shares are prescribed in the founding documents of the company. Now back to the income statement. Earlier we looked at the concept of net income. Since most investments are made in common stock, it would be useful to know what net income would remain if dividends were paid on preferred stock (I remind you: this depends on the decision of the majority of common stockholders). To do this, the income statement has the following line item: - Net income available to common stockholders (Net income available to common stockholders = Net income - Dividends on preferred stock) When it is calculated, the amount of dividends on preferred stock is subtracted from net income. This is the profit that can be used to pay dividends on common stock. However, shareholders may decide not to pay dividends and use the profits to further develop and grow the company. If they do so, they are acting as true investors. I recall the investing formula from my earlier post : give something now to get more in the future . And so it is here. Instead of deciding to spend profits on dividends now, shareholders may decide to invest profits in the business and get more dividends in the future. Earnings per share or EPS is used to understand how much net income there is per share. EPS is calculated very simply. As you can guess, all you have to do is divide the net income for the common stock by its number: - EPS ( Earnings per share = Net income for common stock / Number of common shares issued). There is an even more accurate measure that I use in my analysis, which is EPS Diluted or Diluted earnings per share : - EPS Diluted ( Diluted earnings per share = Net income for common stock / (Number of common shares issued + Issuer stock options, etc.)). What does "diluted" earnings mean, and when does it occur? For example, to incentivize management to work efficiently, company executives may be offered bonuses not in monetary terms, but in shares that the company will issue in the future. In such a case, the staff would be interested in the stock price increase and would put more effort into achieving profit growth. These additional issues are called Employee stock options (or ESO ). Because the amount of these stock bonuses is known in advance, we can calculate diluted earnings per share. To do so, we divide the profit not by the current number of common shares already issued, but by the current number plus possible additional issues. Thus, this indicator shows a more accurate earnings-per-share figure, taking into account all dilutive factors. The value of EPS or EPS Diluted is so significant for investors that if it does not meet their expectations or, on the contrary, exceeds them, the market may experience significant fluctuations in the share price. Therefore, it is always important to keep an eye on the EPS value. In TradingView the EPS indicator as well as its forecasted value can be seen by clicking on the E button next to the timeline. We will continue to discuss this topic in the next publication. See you soon!
AMEX:SPYEducation
by Be_Capy
How to run your Strategy for automated cryptocurrency tradingTo run TradingView Strategy for real automatic trading at any Cryptocurrency you need: 1. Account at TradingView. (Tradingview.com) And it can’t be a free “Basic” plan. You must have any of available Paid packages (Pro, Pro+ or Premium). Because for automatic trading you need the “Webhook notifications” feature, which is not available in the “Basic” plan. 2. Account at your favorite big Crypto Exchange. You have to sign up with crypto exchange, and usually pass their verification ("KYC"). Not all exchanges are supported. But you can use most big "CEX" on the market. I recommend Binance (with lowest fees), Bybit, OKX, Gate.io, Bitget and some others. 3. Account at special “crypto-trading bot platforms”. Unfortunately you can’t directly send trade orders from TradingView to Crypto Exchange. You need an online platform which accepts Alert Notifications from TradingView and then – this platform will generate pre-programmed trade orders and will send them to a supported Crypto Exchange via API. There are few such crypto bot platforms which we can use. I personally have tested 3 of them. It’s "3commas", "Veles" and "RevenueBot". All of them have almost the same main function – they allow you to make and run automated DCA crypto bots. They have little different lists of supported Exchanges, different lists of additional options and features. But all of them have main feature – they can accept Alert Notifications from TradingView! 3commas is more expensive. RevenueBot and Veles – have the same low price – they take 20% from your trade Profit, but no more than $50 per month! So you can easily test them without big expenses. 4. Combine everything into One Automatic System! Once you have all accounts registered and ready – you can set up all into one system. You have to: 1. Create on your Crypto Exchange – "API" key which will allow auto trading. 2. Create on the bot platform (3commas, RevenueBot, Veles) – new bot, with pre-programmed trading parameters. (token name, sum, long/short, stop-loss, take-profit, amount of orders etc) 3. On TradingView configure (optimise) parameters of the strategy you want to use for trading. 4. Once it’s done and backtests show good results – you should create “Alert” on the strategy page. You have to point this alert to “webhook url” provided to you by the crypto-bot platform (and also enter the needed “message” of the alert). For each of the bot platforms, you can find the details on how to set them up on their official sites. If you do not understand it and need help, please contact me.
Education
by dimkud
7
The income statement: the place where profit livesToday we are going to look at the second of the three main reports that a company publishes during the earnings season, the income statement. Just like the balance sheet, it is published every quarter and year. This is how we can find out how much a company earns and how much it spends. The difference between revenues and expenses is called profit . I would like to highlight this term "profit" again, because there is a very strong correlation between the dynamics of the stock price and the profitability of the company. Let's take a look at the stock price charts of companies that are profitable and those that are unprofitable. 3 charts of unprofitable companies : 3 charts of profitable companies : As we can see, stocks of unprofitable companies have a hard enough time growing, while profitable companies, on the contrary, are getting fundamental support to grow their stocks. We know from the previous post that a company's Equity grows due to Retained Earnings. And if Equity grows, so do Assets. Recall: Assets are equal to the sum of a company's Equity and Liabilities. Thus, growing Assets, like a winch attached to a strong tree, pull our machine (= stock price) higher and higher. This is, of course, a simplified example, but it still helps to realize that a company's financial performance directly affects its value. Now let's look at how earnings are calculated in the income statement. The general principle is this: if we subtract all expenses from revenue, we get profit . Revenue is calculated quite simply - it is the sum of all goods and services sold over a period (a quarter or a year). But expenses are different, so in the income statement we will see one item called "Total revenue" and many items of expenses. These expenses are deducted from revenue gradually (top-down). That is, we don't add up all the expenses and then subtract the total expenses from the revenue - no. We deduct each expense item individually. So at each step of this subtraction, we get different kinds of profit : gross profit, operating income, pretax income, net income. So let's look at the report itself. - Total revenue This is, as we've already determined, the sum of all goods and services sold for the period. Or you could put it another way: this is all the money the company received from sales over a period of time. Let me say right off the bat that all of the numbers in this report are counted for a specific period. In the quarterly report, the period, respectively, is 1 quarter, and in the annual report, it is 1 year. Remember my comparison of the balance sheet with the photo ? When we analyze the balance sheet, we see a photo (data snapshot) on the last day of the reporting period, but not so in the income statement. There we see the accumulated amounts for a specific period (i.e. from the beginning of the reporting quarter to the end of that quarter or from the beginning of the reporting year to the end of that year). - Cost of goods sold Since materials and other components are used to make products, accountants calculate the amount of costs directly related to the production of products and place them in this item. For example, the cost of raw materials for making shoes would fall into this item, but the cost of salaries for the accountant who works for that company would not. You could say that these costs are costs that are directly related to the quantity of goods produced. - Gross profit (Gross profit = Total revenue - Cost of goods sold) If we subtract the cost of goods sold from the total revenue, we get gross profit. - Operating expenses (Operating expenses are costs that are not part of the cost of production) Operating expenses include fixed costs that have little or no relation to the amount of output. These may include rental payments, staff salaries, office support costs, advertising costs, and so on. - Operating income (Operating income = Gross profit - Operating expenses) If we subtract operating expenses from gross profit, we get operating income. Or you can calculate it this way: Operating income = Total revenue - Cost of goods sold - Operating expenses. - Non-operating income (this item includes all income and expenses that are not related to regular business operations) It is interesting, that despite its name, non-operating income and operating income can have negative values. For this to happen, it is sufficient that the corresponding expenses exceed the income. This is a clear demonstration of how businessmen revere profit and income, but avoid the word "loss" in every possible way. Apparently, a negative operating income sounds better. Below is a look at two popular components of non-operating income. - Interest expense This is the interest the company pays on loans. - Unusual income/expense This item includes unusual income minus unusual expenses. "Unusual" means not repeated in the course of regular activities. Let's say you put up a statue of the company's founder - that's an unusual expense. And if it was already there, and it was sold, that's unusual income. - Pretax income (Pretax income = Operating income + Non-operating income) If we add or subtract (depending on whether it is negative or positive) non-operating income to operating income, we get pretax income. - Income tax Income tax reduces our profit by the tax rate. - Net income (Net income = Pretax income - Income tax) Here we get to the income from which expenses are no longer deducted. That is why it is called "net". It is the bottom line of any company's performance over a period. Net income can be positive or negative. If it's positive, it's good news for investors, because it can go either to pay dividends or to further develop the company and increase profits. This concludes part one of my series of posts on the Income statement. In the next parts, we'll break down how net income is distributed to holders of different types of stock: preferred and common. See you soon!
SP:SPXEducation
by Be_Capy
At the beginning was the EquityWith this post, I am concluding the analysis of the company's balance sheet. You can read the previous parts here: Part 1 - Balance sheet: taking the first steps Part 2 - Assets I prioritize Part 3 - A sense of debt Now we know that every company has assets on one side of the balance sheet and liabilities and equity on the other side. If you add liabilities and equity together you get the sum of assets. And vice versa, if you subtract all of the company's liabilities from the assets, you get what? That's right, you get Equity . Let's discuss this important component of the balance sheet. When a company is first established, it must have initial equity. This is the money with which any business starts. It is used for the first expenses of the new company. In the case of our workshop , the equity was the master's savings, with which he bought the garage, equipment, raw materials and other assets to start his business. As sales progressed, the workshop received the revenue and reimbursed expenses. Whatever was left over was used to boost the company's profit. So, our master invested his capital in the business to increase it through profits. Making a profit is the main purpose for which the company's assets work, loans are raised, and equity is invested. Let's see which balance sheet items are in the Equity group: - Common stock (The sum of nominal values of common stock issued). Remember, when our master decided to turn his company into a stock company , he issued 1 million shares at a price of $1,000 per share. So $1,000 per share is the par value of the stock. And the sum of the nominal values of the stocks issued would be $1 billion. - Retained earnings . It is clear from the name of this item that it contains profits that have not been distributed. We will find out where it can be allocated in the next post, when we start analyzing the income statement. - Accumulated other comprehensive income (Profit or loss on open investments). The profit or loss of a company can be not only from its core business, but also, for example, from the rise or fall in the value of other companies' shares that it bought. In our example, the workshop has oil company shares. The financial result from the revaluation of these shares is recorded in this item. So, the equity is necessary for the company to invest it in the business and make a profit. Then the retained earnings themselves become equity, which is reinvested to make even more profits. It's a continuous cycle of the company's life that bets on equity growth. Which balance sheet items are of interest to me in the Equity group? Of course, I am interested in the profit-related items: retained earnings and profit or loss on open investments. The sum of nominal share values is a static indicator, so it can hardly tell us anything. However, it is better to use information from the income statement rather than the balance sheet to analyze earnings, because only this report allows us to see the entire structure of a company's income and expenses. So we conclude the general analysis of a company's balance sheet. To fully understand why it is needed, let's engage our imagination once again. Do you remember the example with the hotel ? We imagined that a joint stock company is a hotel with identical rooms, where you, as an investor, can buy a certain number of rooms (one room = one share). Think about what you would want to look at first before buying? Personally, I'd rather see photos of the rooms. So, the balance sheet can be compared to such photos that we get from the hotel at quarterly and annual intervals. Of course, in such a case, the hotel will try to use special effects as much as possible in order to improve investors' impression of the photos released. However, if we track and compare photos over multiple periods, we can still understand: is our hotel evolving, or have we been watching the same couch in a standard room for 10 years in a row. We can say that the balance sheet is a "photo" of the company's assets, debts and equity at the balance sheet date. And the balance sheet items I've chosen are what I look at first in this photo. In the next series of posts, we will break down an equally important report, the income statement, and explore the essence of earnings. See you soon!
NASDAQ:AAPLEducation
by Be_Capy
Strategy Coding E01: Adding a custom Trailing-StopIn my experience there are phases to creating a strategy. In this episode we will cover one of the most important steps: establishing an exit strategy. Exiting a position is crucial to risk management. If your entries are terrible but you have a good exit strategy, you might get by and not lose a lot of your capital. And vice-versa, if your entries are great, but your exit strategy is terrible, you my not make any profit. Concepts we will cover in this episode: Integrating an indicator value as a trailing stop. Lowering the trailing stop sensitivity by using the Average True Range (ATR). Customizing the ATR value. Brief introduction to 'modules'.
AMEX:SPYEducation
by Electrified
13
Pure trendline breakout strategy; Manticore Investems Pure trendline break strategy is based on indicators: Tradelines with Breaks (FREE) - TwB Position entry signals, trendline breakout. We look for signals on the ~h4 interval. We take a position on lower intervals when we see entry signals there as well. Order block Detector (FREE) - ObD Generates us support and resistance for the price (red - sell, green - buy) Pivot Based Trailing Maxima & Minima (FREE) - Pbt Helps determine the current trend of the market on a given interval, serves as an add-on informing us about market trends. In the green zone - buy, red - sell. SuperOSC (FREE) - sOSC Informs us about the strength of the market at a given moment (on a specific candle) In addition: LuxAlgo Price Action Concept (PREMIUM). Strategy description: Basically we trade after large signals generated on h4/d1 intervals. When we take a position we look for the optimal place to enter from m15-h1. We use resistances and supports as SL/TPs. Trading style: scalping / daytrading. Ideal entry setup: 1) Signal generated on the h4/d1 TwB interval. 2) ObD secure our position / ObD do not interfere with a potential sell or buy 3) The trend set by Pbt agrees with the direction we are playing. (Green zone - buy / Red zone - sell). 4) The candle after which we enter is not drawn on the sOSC Examples below: H4 interval buy signal: 1) Pbt - Green buy zone 2) TwB - upward signal 3) sOSC - the candle that generated the buy signal did not cross the dashed lines When we take a position we go down to lower intervals to best estimate SL:TP H1 interval: H1 interval buy signal: 1) Pbt - Green buy zone 2) TwB - upward signal 3) sOSC - the candle that generated the buy signal did not cross the dashed lines Estimation of risk and timing of exit: Risk estimation: 1) We use ObD to determine the optimal risk, they serve as resistance to the price. 2) We set positions below the buy / sell zones from Pbt 3) We go to lower intervals, set SL under the TwB level of the opposite trendline Determining take profit: 1) We play out positions to supports or resistances generated by ObD 2) We close the position when we see that after the close of the h4/h1 candle the sOSC is drawn above or below the dashed line 3) We can close positions when we see that the movement is losing strength and there are opposition signals to our position on low intervals. It works best to close positions after reaching ObD supports/resistances in conjunction with a drawn-out sOSC. LuxAlgo Price Action Concept indicator (PREMIUM), serves as an aid in determining the strength of a given support or resistance (the higher the %, the stronger the resistance)
BITSTAMP:BTCUSDEducation
by Manticore_Investments
2
Trading Strategy. Basic principlesThe following clearly outlines my trading strategy, every day I seek out deals based solely on this strategy. Without regular backtesting (trade by trade), the results of trading are random and uncertain. The cumulative outcome of the R-multipliers should be positive, but, if a routine backtest is conducted (after executing numerous trades based on sequential trading processes that offer us an edge) The primary focus of our trading strategy is the risk-to-reward ratio (RR), where a large number of losses can be offset by a single profitable trade. - Entry requirements are sufficient to prevent market noise. - Position sizing ensures we have a consistent (fixed) risk every transaction, and we adhere to this algorithm on each and every trade. - Maintaining the advantage afforded by our trading method requires mental preparation for the fluctuations that will effect our account balance. Short-term losses should have no psychological impact! Entry Standards: We join the market based on key supply and demand sectors that play a significant impact in the structure of the market. We identify them by emphasizing the M15, H4 points of interest responsible for the structure's collapse. Once the price reaches our point of interest, we will watch for a reaction in this area, which will indicate if the price intends to move higher or lower. The objective is to identify where a substantial position was taken and wait for the price to return to that point in order to reduce the repercussions and ensure the price follows its actual intentions. Countertrend: - Monitor price action and reaction points closely. - Do not be greedy; if required, close such deals sooner, but not before 3R; bring the trade to the following supply/demand zone. - Keep a close eye on price movement and response points when entering a trend. - Enter a trade based on the candle that triggered the CHoCh, move it to the next high/low level, and partially close if momentum appears to be waning. - There is no need to move the SL aggressively; instead, let the price to fluctuate and move the entry to break even only after the initial LH/HL is created. 4H Definition of Market structure Determine the price's response to important zones on a daily/weekly basis. How should I mark the chart? 4H - swing highs and lows - B.O.S - Supply and Demand zones - Liquidity H/L, EQH/EQL, internal liquidity trend - Orderflow structure HL - HH or LH - LL 15M How should I mark the chart? - fluctuate between highs and lows - ChoCh/BOS - Demand/supply zones - Liquidity, liquidity zones/points, strong/weak H/L, liquidity before poi - Premium/Discount - short discount and long premium. - Order flow 1-5M How should I mark the chart? - Liquidity grab (sweep) - Mitigation/RTO - S/D flip
BITSTAMP:BTCUSDEducation
by Crypto4light