Bitcoin: Entering New Presidential CycleCharts are essential, but it’s equally important to stay aware of major events that can significantly impact markets. Alongside this, I’ll share some theoretical insights.
Market During Presidencies:
The chart tracks the S&P 500’s growth on a logarithmic scale, highlighting U.S. presidential terms by party since 1933. Blue areas represent Democrat presidencies, and red areas indicate Republican presidencies. It shows that the market has grown steadily over time, despite fluctuations tied to economic cycles, policies, and global events. Key trends include significant growth during Clinton and Obama presidencies (dot-com boom, post-2008 recovery) and slower growth during Nixon and Carter presidencies. The chart also reflects recent market gains under Trump and Biden, despite challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, it demonstrates consistent long-term market growth under both political parties, driven by a mix of policies and external factors.
PRESIDENTIAL CYCLE
"Presidential Cycle" in trading refers to a theory that financial markets tend to follow a recurring pattern tied to the four-year term of U.S. presidential administrations. This cycle is based on the idea that government policies and political events during a president’s term can influence economic conditions and market behavior in predictable ways.
PHASES:
Post-Election Year
Stock Market: New or re-elected presidents introduce reforms that may unsettle markets. Slower growth and higher volatility are common as policies stabilize.
₿ Market:
Historically, Bitcoin has experienced significant growth following U.S. presidential elections. For instance, after the 2016 election, Bitcoin’s price increased by over 2,500% in the subsequent year.
Potential Impact:
The resolution of electoral uncertainty typically restores market stability. Additionally, newly introduced policies can foster investor confidence, making alternative assets like Bitcoin more appealing. If these policies are crypto-friendly, they could accelerate Bitcoin adoption and drive price appreciation.
Midterm Year
Stock Market: Midterm elections create political uncertainty, often causing market corrections. The second half of the year typically sees recovery as clarity improves.
₿ Market:
Bitcoin may experience corrections or slower growth during midterm years. For example, in 2018, Bitcoin’s price declined significantly, aligning with the midterm election period.
Potential Impact:
Midterm elections can lead to shifts in political power, creating regulatory uncertainty for the crypto market. This could deter institutional investors or slow Bitcoin’s momentum. However, as the political landscape becomes clearer, the market could stabilize, potentially paving the way for future growth.
Pre-Election Year
Stock Market: Historically the strongest year, with administrations boosting the economy. Market-friendly policies lead to stronger performance and public support.
₿ Market:
Pre-election years have often been bullish for Bitcoin. In 2019, Bitcoin’s price saw substantial gains, rising from around $3,700 in January to over $13,000 by June.
Potential Impact:
Increased government spending and the anticipation of policy changes often stimulate economic activity, benefiting risk-on assets like Bitcoin. This optimism can lead to higher investor participation and significant price increases as the market factors in favorable policy expectations.
Election Year
Stock Market: Election uncertainty heightens volatility, but clarity post-election boosts markets. Performance depends on the perceived business-friendliness of leading candidates.
₿ Market:
Bitcoin has shown mixed reactions during election years. In 2020, despite initial volatility, Bitcoin reached a new all-time high post-election, suggesting that the resolution of political uncertainty can positively influence its price.
Potential Impact:
The election outcome often dictates the regulatory direction for cryptocurrencies. A pro-crypto administration could fuel optimism and attract new investors, while stricter regulations could introduce headwinds. Regardless, the post-election clarity often drives market confidence, benefiting Bitcoin’s valuation.
Chronological Flow of Events Fueling Bitcoin’s Exponential Growth
Shift to CFTC Regulation
Trump proposed moving crypto regulation from the SEC to the CFTC, creating a friendlier environment to foster innovation and boost investor confidence.
Institutional and Retail Adoption
Bitcoin became accessible through retirement accounts and ETFs, driving demand from both institutions and retail investors.
Market Sentiment and Musk’s Influence
Endorsements from Elon Musk (Trump's circle) sparked optimism, fueling rallies and increasing crypto adoption.
Geopolitical Competition
The U.S. aimed to lead the crypto space, countering China’s dominance and stabilizing Bitcoin’s market.
Trump’s Bitcoin Strategic Reserve
A proposed U.S. Bitcoin reserve would position it alongside gold, boosting demand and global legitimacy.
J.D. Vance’s Proposal to Devalue the U.S. Dollar
Vance’s plan to weaken the dollar to boost exports contrasts sharply with Bitcoin’s fixed supply of 21m coins, which makes it an inflation-resistant alternative to fiat currencies. Bitcoin’s finite supply and decentralized nature make it a strong hedge during monetary policy uncertainty, further solidifying its role as a store of value. Vance’s proposal inadvertently highlights the vulnerabilities of fiat currencies, positioning Bitcoin as a compelling alternative in a volatile economic landscape.
Holiday Effect
Bitcoin’s performance is influenced by alignment of market sentiment, economic factors, and geopolitical events with holiday seasonality known as the “holiday effect” during major holidays like Christmas and New Year.
🏛️ FEDERAL RESERVE
The Federal Reserve operates independently of the President and Congress, focusing on economic goals like controlling inflation, maintaining employment, and ensuring stability. While the President appoints members to the Board of Governors, these appointments require Senate confirmation and fixed terms, insulating monetary policy from political influence. This structure safeguards long-term economic stability and credibility.
Donald Trump’s pro-crypto stance faces significant challenges due to the Federal Reserve’s autonomy and cautious approach to cryptocurrencies. The Fed has historically expressed skepticism about decentralized assets, citing concerns over financial stability, regulatory risks, and potential misuse. Instead, it prioritizes initiatives like Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), such as a digital dollar, which could compete with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
This divergence underscores a conflict of goals: pro-crypto policies encourage innovation and adoption, while the Fed views decentralized cryptocurrencies as a challenge to its control over monetary policy and the U.S. dollar’s global reserve currency status. Additionally, the Fed collaborates with other regulatory agencies, like the SEC and Treasury, which have traditionally taken a cautious stance on cryptocurrencies.
Ultimately, while Trump’s policies may boost private crypto adoption and innovation, the Federal Reserve’s focus on financial stability and its own priorities, like CBDCs, limits the broader impact of these policies. This highlights the difficulty of aligning political aspirations with the Fed’s institutional priorities.
Community ideas
Decoding Reversals: Technical Analysis of ONGC: Educational postEDUCATIONAL POST
Technical Analysis of ONGC Stock
This post is for educational purposes only and should not be considered as investment advice.
In this post, we'll analyze the ONGC stock chart using technical indicators.
Key Points:
1. Bullish Divergence: Price and MACD are diverging, indicating a potential reversal.
2. Bullish Divergence: Price and RSI are also diverging, supporting the reversal idea.
3. Resistance Breakout: The stock has broken through a key resistance level with strong volume.
4. MACD Turns Positive: MACD has turned positive after the breakout, confirming the reversal.
5. Elliott Wave Counts: Wave counts suggest a potential reversal.
What to Expect:
Based on these indicators, we can see a potential reversal in ONGC's stock price. It may retrace to Fibonacci levels (50-61.8%) before continuing upward.
Conclusion:
This post is meant to illustrate how technical indicators can be used to analyze a stock chart. Please do your own research and consult with a financial advisor before making any investment decisions.
I am not Sebi registered analyst.
My studies are for educational purpose only.
Please Consult your financial advisor before trading or investing.
I am not responsible for any kinds of your profits and your losses.
Most investors treat trading as a hobby because they have a full-time job doing something else.
However, If you treat trading like a business, it will pay you like a business.
If you treat like a hobby, hobbies don't pay, they cost you...!
Hope this post is helpful to community
Thanks
RK💕
Disclaimer and Risk Warning.
The analysis and discussion provided on in.tradingview.com is intended for educational purposes only and should not be relied upon for trading decisions. RK_Charts is not an investment adviser and the information provided here should not be taken as professional investment advice. Before buying or selling any investments, securities, or precious metals, it is recommended that you conduct your own due diligence. RK_Charts does not share in your profits and will not take responsibility for any losses you may incur. So Please Consult your financial advisor before trading or investing.
The Bias Battle: Strategies to Ensure Rational Decision-MakingIn the world of trading, emotions can often lead to irrational behaviors that impede decision-making. One such psychological phenomenon is confirmation bias. It manifests subtly yet powerfully in the trading arena, often without the trader's awareness. This bias refers to the tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs, while simultaneously dismissing or undervaluing information that contradicts those beliefs.
Understanding Confirmation Bias in Trading
Confirmation bias can profoundly influence trading decisions when traders become emotionally invested in their predictions. For example, if a trader believes that a certain asset will rise, they may selectively focus on positive news while ignoring negative signals such as poor economic indicators or unfavorable market trends. This form of selective perception not only clouds judgment but can also lead to catastrophic financial consequences if a trader fails to adapt to changing market conditions.
Imagine a trader convinced that a stock will hit a new high in the coming weeks. Even in the face of negative quarterly reports or broader market corrections, they might cling to their position, hoping the asset will rebound. This behavior often leads to holding onto losing trades, missing opportunities to cut losses, and ultimately jeopardizing one’s trading strategy.
The Dangers of Confirmation Bias
The implications of confirmation bias go beyond individual trades; they can jeopardize an entire trading strategy. The following are key dangers associated with confirmation bias in trading:
1. Skewed Market Analysis: Traders may base their decisions on partial information, leading to a distorted view of market realities. A narrow focus on validating one's position can blind traders to emerging risks or alternative opportunities.
2. Compromised Risk Management: Traders under the influence of confirmation bias are likely to allocate disproportionate capital to positions that support their bias. This lack of diversification increases vulnerability to market downturns, which can lead to significant financial losses.
3. Emotional Decision-Making: Bias can heighten emotional involvement in trades, causing traders to act irrationally. This means holding losing positions too long in anticipation of a turnaround or impulsively entering new trades without adequate analysis.
4. Failure to Reassess Positions: Traders often hesitate to alter their strategies even when market conditions clearly shift. This reluctance compromises their ability to adapt and seize new opportunities.
Read Also:
Recognizing the Signs of Confirmation Bias
Detecting confirmation bias is essential for any trader aiming to make informed, rational decisions. Here are some telltale signs:
- Selective Information Gathering: If you notice that you gravitate toward news sources or analysts that reinforce your views while disregarding contradictory perspectives, it's a clear indicator of confirmation bias.
- Emotional Attachment to Trades: Becoming overly attached to specific trades can hinder your judgment. If you're waiting eagerly for a piece of good news to justify a poor trade rather than reassessing the situation objectively, it’s time to reevaluate your approach.
- Overconfidence in Decisions: If you find yourself justifying continued investment in a failing position without considering alternative analyses, you may be falling prey to cognitive biases.
Recognizing these behaviors can help you break free from the cycle of confirmation bias and embrace a more objective trading mindset.
Read Also:
Strategies to Overcome Confirmation Bias
To cultivate a bias-free trading strategy, consider implementing the following steps:
1. Maintain an Open Mind: Challenge your beliefs by actively seeking out opposing viewpoints and evidence. Embrace data over emotions to inform your trading decisions.
2. Establish a Trading Plan: Develop a comprehensive trading plan with clear entry and exit criteria based on analytical data rather than biased thinking. Stick to this plan to guide your actions in the market.
3. Incorporate Stop Loss Orders: Using stop-loss orders can help automate selling at predetermined points, preventing the emotional temptation to hold onto losing trades unnecessarily.
4. Consult Multiple Information Sources: Accessing a variety of market analyses and perspectives can provide a more balanced view and enrich your understanding of the situation.
5. Embrace Data-Driven Trading: Focus on objective data and employ trading tools and algorithms that mitigate the influence of human bias. This strategic approach ensures that decisions are rooted in market realities rather than emotional attachments.
Read Also:
Conclusion: Cultivating a Bias-Free Trading Mindset
To achieve success in trading, understanding and addressing cognitive biases such as confirmation bias is crucial. By fostering a bias-free mindset, traders can cultivate more rational decision-making processes, leading to improved trading performance.
A disciplined, evidence-based approach requires traders to remain vigilant against the traps of emotional trading. By implementing the strategies discussed, you can minimize the impact of confirmation bias and enhance your ability to recognize valuable opportunities, ultimately paving the way for greater success in the markets.
FAQs
What is confirmation bias in trading?
Confirmation bias is the tendency for traders to focus on information that supports their existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence, which can adversely impact their trading decisions.
How does confirmation bias affect decision-making?
This bias often leads traders to ignore critical signals from the market and makes them more susceptible to emotional trading, resulting in missed opportunities and potential financial losses.
Can confirmation bias lead to trading losses?
Yes, confirmation bias can lead to substantial losses by causing traders to misinterpret market conditions and hold unprofitable positions longer than they should.
How can I overcome confirmation bias as a trader?
You can overcome confirmation bias by relying on objective data, consulting multiple sources, establishing a trading plan, using stop-loss orders, and regularly reviewing counterarguments to your existing beliefs.
By prioritizing rationality over personal bias, you can develop a more successful and sustainable trading strategy. Ready to put your bias-free trading strategies into action? Start practicing with a demo account and discover how a balanced approach can improve your trading outcomes.
Read Also:
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Understanding Bollinger Bands: A Comprehensive GuideBollinger Bands are a versatile and widely used technical analysis tool that helps traders assess market volatility and identify potential price levels. Developed by John Bollinger in the 1980s, this indicator consists of three lines plotted on a price chart: the middle band, the upper band, and the lower band.
What Are Bollinger Bands?
Bollinger Bands are constructed using a simple moving average (SMA) and standard deviations of price data. The bands expand and contract based on market volatility.
1. Middle Band:
- A simple moving average, typically set to a 20-period SMA.
2. Upper Band:
- Plotted at a distance of two standard deviations above the middle band.
3. Lower Band:
- Plotted at a distance of two standard deviations below the middle band.
How Bollinger Bands Work
The distance between the upper and lower bands reflects market volatility:
- Wide Bands: Indicate high volatility.
- Narrow Bands: Suggest low volatility, often preceding significant price movement.
Key Concepts and Applications
1-Squeeze:
- A "squeeze" occurs when the bands narrow significantly, indicating low volatility and the potential for a breakout in either direction. Traders often look for confirmation from other indicators to predict the breakout direction.
2. Price Touches and Reversions:
- When the price touches the upper band, it may signal overbought conditions.
- When the price touches the lower band, it may indicate oversold conditions.
- However, these are not standalone signals and should be used in conjunction with other analysis.
3. Trend Following:
- In strong trends, prices can "ride" the upper or lower band without immediate reversals.
4. Double Bottoms and Tops:
- A double bottom near the lower band or a double top near the upper band can signal a potential trend reversal.
How to Use Bollinger Bands in Trading
1. Identify Entry and Exit Points:
- Use the bands to spot potential entry and exit levels. For instance, consider buying near the lower band during an uptrend or selling near the upper band during a downtrend.
2. Combine with Other Indicators:
- Pair Bollinger Bands with RSI or MACD to confirm signals.
- Use candlestick patterns near the bands for additional validation.
3. Set Custom Parameters:
- While the default setting is a 20-period SMA with bands set at two standard deviations, adjust these parameters to suit your trading style and market conditions.
Strengths of Bollinger Bands
- Adaptable to All Markets: Applicable across different asset classes and timeframes.
-Dynamic Nature: Automatically adjusts to market volatility.
- Visual Representation: Easy to interpret and use in combination with other tools.
Limitations of Bollinger Bands
- Lagging Indicator: Based on historical data, Bollinger Bands may not always predict future movements.
- False Signals:In sideways markets, Bollinger Bands may generate misleading signals.
- Dependency on Context:The effectiveness of Bollinger Bands depends on the trader’s understanding of market trends and conditions.
Example of Bollinger Bands in Action
Imagine Bitcoin (BTC) is trading in a range between $90,000 and $105,000. During a period of low volatility, the bands contract, signaling a potential breakout. Shortly after, the price breaks above the upper band, supported by rising volume and a bullish RSI. This could indicate a strong upward move, presenting a buying opportunity. Conversely, if the price breaks below the lower band, it might signal a downward move, suggesting a selling opportunity.
Conclusion
Bollinger Bands are a valuable tool for analyzing market conditions, identifying potential trading opportunities, and managing risk. While they are easy to use, their effectiveness improves when combined with other indicators and sound risk management practices. Always test your strategies with historical data and adapt them to your specific trading goals and market conditions.
Who Moves the Forex Market | Forex Market Players
Forex is the largest market in the world, with the tremendous daily trading volumes and millions of market participants.
In this educational article, we will discuss who moves that market and who are its 6 the most significant players.
1. Governments
Governments tend to set economic goals and influence the markets with their political decision. They define the course of their nations, issuing policies and imposing regulations.
2. Central banks
Central banks implement the decisions of the governments, applying multiple instruments:
Central banks control the emission of the money, shifting the supply and demand.
They control interest rates and define the credit policies.
Above is a top 10 of the biggest central banks by total assets.
Central banks control the international trade and sustain the exchange rates of the national currencies by interventions and handling the foreign currencies and gold reserves.
3. Commercial banks
Commercial banks handle the international transactions.
Over 70% of total Forex Market transactions directly refers to the actives of commercial banks.
In a pie chart above, you will find the biggest commercial banks by trading volume.
Commercial banks are also involved in speculation activities, benefiting from market fluctuations by relying on various strategies.
4. Corporations
Corporation is the business that operates in multiple countries.
With the constant capital flow between its branches and counterparts, corporations are permanently involved in a currency exchange.
Also, corporations usually hedge currency risks, storing their liquidity in particular currencies.
5. Investment funds
By investment funds, we imply the international or domestic professional money management companies. Dealing with hundreds of millions of investments, they quite often are operating on Forex market, buying foreign assets, speculating and hedging.
Below, you will find the list of largest world's hedge funds.
6. Retail traders
The main goal of retails traders and speculators is to make short terms profits from their transactions on the market.
Typically, the activities of traders constitute a relatively small portion of total trading volumes.
Knowing which forces move the forex market, you can better understand how it works. The spot prices that you see on the charts reflect the sentiment of all the above-mentioned participants.
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Ascending Triangle in Nikkei/Yen Futures: A 2025 Bullish Setup?1. Introduction
The Nikkei/Yen Futures, a crucial instrument for traders aiming to capture movements in Japan’s equity index and its currency dynamics, presents an intriguing setup as we step into 2025. An ascending triangle pattern, a classic bullish formation, is emerging on the chart, signaling a potential breakout to the upside.
Adding to the technical allure is the depletion of sell unfilled orders (UFOs) within a significant price zone between 40,420 and 39,685. This critical area, revisited six times since late July 2024, has seen a steady reduction of unfilled sell orders, opening the possibility for bullish momentum to dominate. With the price currently hovering near the 39,685 level, the stage appears set for a breakout opportunity.
2. The Technical Setup
The ascending triangle, characterized by a series of higher lows converging toward a horizontal resistance level, often signifies bullish pressure. In the case of the Nikkei/Yen Futures, the horizontal resistance resides near 39,685, the lower boundary of a key sell UFO zone.
This resistance has been tested repeatedly since July 2024, with each revisit chipping away at the sell orders within the zone. Such behavior suggests diminishing selling pressure, setting the foundation for a breakout. The anticipated target for this breakout, calculated using Fibonacci projection, is set at 41,380—aligning with historical price action and technical projections.
Key Contract Specifications:
o Regular Nikkei/Yen Futures (NIY1!)
Contract Size: ¥500 x Nikkei 225 index
Tick Size: ¥5
Point Value: ¥2,500
Margin Requirement: Approx. $ 1,500,000 JPY
o Micro Nikkei/Yen Futures (MNI)
Contract Size: ¥50 x Nikkei 225 index
Tick Size: ¥5
Point Value: ¥250
Margin Requirement: Approx. $ 150,000 JPY
These details ensure accessibility for both institutional and retail traders, with the micro contract enabling smaller capital commitments while maintaining exposure to the same underlying asset.
3. Forward-Looking Trade Plan
The technical evidence supports a bullish trade plan for Nikkei/Yen Futures:
Trade Direction: Long
Entry Price: Above 39,685, confirming a breakout from the resistance level.
Target Price: 41,380, based on Fibonacci projections.
Stop Loss: 39,120, targeting a 3:1 reward-to-risk ratio to manage risk effectively.
Reward-to-Risk Ratio: 3:1 (Calculated: 41,380 - 39,685 = 1,695 reward; 39,685 - 39,120 = 565 risk).
The trade parameters apply to both the standard and micro contracts, offering flexibility in position sizing. Traders with smaller accounts may opt for the micro contract to manage margin requirements while engaging in this high-potential setup.
4. Importance of Risk Management
Risk management remains the cornerstone of any successful trading strategy, particularly when trading leveraged instruments like futures. Here are key considerations for managing risk in the Nikkei/Yen Futures trade setup:
Stop-Loss Orders: Placing a stop-loss at 39,120 ensures a predefined risk level, protecting traders from unexpected market reversals. It’s vital to adhere to this level to maintain discipline and avoid emotional decision-making.
Position Sizing: The availability of micro contracts (MNIY1!) allows traders to tailor their position size according to their account size and risk tolerance. For example, trading one micro contract involves a significantly smaller margin commitment compared to the regular contract, making it suitable for retail traders.
Defined Risk Exposure: Leveraged products like futures can lead to substantial losses if risk is not clearly defined. Using stop-loss orders and trading within calculated risk parameters prevents the potential for undefined losses.
Precise Entries and Exits: Setting the entry above 39,685 ensures a systematic approach to triggering the trade based on the expected breakout. Similarly, targeting 41,380 using Fibonacci projections ensures that profit objectives align with technical analysis rather than arbitrary levels.
By prioritizing these aspects, traders can mitigate risks while maximizing the potential reward from this bullish setup.
5. Closing Remarks
The Nikkei/Yen Futures seem to be poised for a potential breakout as we enter 2025, driven by a combination of technical factors and diminishing sell-side unfilled orders. The ascending triangle formation strengthens the bullish bias, with the calculated Fibonacci projection of 41,380 offering an attractive target.
Both the standard and micro contracts cater to different trader profiles, allowing participation regardless of account size. As the price approaches the critical 39,685 level, traders are encouraged to stay vigilant, using real-time CME data to track developments and validate entry triggers.
When charting futures, the data provided could be delayed. Traders working with the ticker symbols discussed in this idea may prefer to use CME Group real-time data plan on TradingView: www.tradingview.com - This consideration is particularly important for shorter-term traders, whereas it may be less critical for those focused on longer-term trading strategies.
General Disclaimer:
The trade ideas presented herein are solely for illustrative purposes forming a part of a case study intended to demonstrate key principles in risk management within the context of the specific market scenarios discussed. These ideas are not to be interpreted as investment recommendations or financial advice. They do not endorse or promote any specific trading strategies, financial products, or services. The information provided is based on data believed to be reliable; however, its accuracy or completeness cannot be guaranteed. Trading in financial markets involves risks, including the potential loss of principal. Each individual should conduct their own research and consult with professional financial advisors before making any investment decisions. The author or publisher of this content bears no responsibility for any actions taken based on the information provided or for any resultant financial or other losses.
The Power of Higher TimeframesIn the ever-volatile world of trading, confidence is a trader’s most valuable asset. However, confidence isn’t about bravado; it’s built on understanding the market’s broader narrative, recognizing manipulation, and adhering to a disciplined plan. Ill try to explore the keys to confident trading by leveraging higher timeframes, understanding candlestick patterns, and exploiting market inefficiencies.
The Importance of Higher Timeframe Narrative
One of the most fundamental aspects of confident trading is aligning your trades with the direction indicated by higher timeframes—daily, weekly, and monthly charts. These timeframes provide a macro perspective of the market’s overall trend, filtering out the noise of intraday price action, which is often volatile and misleading.
Intraday moves, while tempting, can cause traders to act impulsively. Without the context of the broader trend, these short-term fluctuations frequently result in losses. By staying aligned with higher timeframes, traders can avoid these pitfalls and make informed decisions rooted in the market’s overarching direction.
Candle Formation and Market Manipulation
Beyond signaling potential price movements, candles formation reveal how markets manipulate traders. A common manipulation tactic involves candles opening with a move against the overall trend, inducing traders to take positions on the wrong side before the market reverses direction.
For example, monthly candles often open with an initial move that creates a false sense of direction. During the first week or two, the price may appear bearish, enticing traders to short the market. However, this move typically serves as an accumulation phase for long positions, setting the stage for a strong upward move that forms the candle’s wick. I saw so often when M candle open and in next week form manipulation like crazy bullish or crazy bearish direction! but at the end of month we close candle absolutely in another direction)
Identifying and Exploiting Market Inefficiencies
Successful traders know how to identify and leverage market inefficiencies. These include concepts such as:
Fair Value Gaps: Price imbalances that often get filled, presenting potential trade opportunities.
Order Blocks: Zones where significant buying or selling activity occurred, marking areas of interest for future price action.
Liquidity Runs: Movements designed to trigger stop-losses or lure traders into positions, creating opportunities for savvy traders.
These inefficiencies often reveal the footprints of “Smart Money,” the institutional players whose actions drive the market. By understanding these concepts, traders can anticipate high-probability setups and align their strategies with the broader market narrative.
Discipline Through a Defined Trading Plan
Confidence in trading isn’t just about market knowledge; it’s about discipline. A well-defined trading plan grounded in a higher timeframe bias is essential for consistent success. This plan should guide every decision, ensuring that intraday fluctuations don’t provoke emotional or impulsive trades.
Traders must resist the urge to deviate from their plan unless new information invalidates their higher timeframe analysis. By sticking to their strategy, traders build confidence and consistency in their approach.
The “Judas Swing” and Smart Money Footprints
A recurring theme in market manipulation is the “Judas Swing,” an initial move against the trend designed to mislead traders. Recognizing these swings can save traders from falling into traps set by “Smart Money.”
Institutional players often position themselves within the wicks of candles, accumulating or distributing positions before driving the market in their desired direction. By identifying these footprints, traders can align their actions with the market’s true intent rather than its deceptive moves
Mastering the art of confident trading requires more than technical analysis or market knowledge. It demands a disciplined approach rooted in higher timeframe narratives, an understanding of market manipulation, and the ability to exploit inefficiencies. By following a well-defined trading plan and aligning with the broader market direction, traders can increase their chances of long-term success.
Remember, confidence in trading isn’t about always being right. It’s about having a plan, sticking to it, and learning from the market’s movements. By adopting these principles, you can trade with clarity, precision, and resilience in the face of market volatility.
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✅Disclaimer: Please be aware of the risks involved in trading. This idea was made for educational purposes only not for financial Investment Purposes.
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Bitcoin:Digital Gold or the Most Sophisticated Mirage of Our EraImagine for a moment that you could travel back in time and explain the concept of paper money to someone from 500 years ago: "Are you telling me this paper is worth something just because we all agree it has value?" They would look at you as if you were crazy. Yet here we are, using paper money every day without thinking twice about it.
Bitcoin generates today the same disbelief that paper money once provoked. Since its creation in 2009, it has been the subject of intense debates: Is it truly the digital gold of our era or the most sophisticated mirage in financial history?
The answer is more fascinating than it seems. Like Schrödinger's cat, Bitcoin exists in a state of superposition: simultaneously embodying characteristics of digital gold and exhibiting speculative behaviors, without being exclusively either.
Gold has endured for millennia as a store of value due to characteristics that Bitcoin replicates digitally:
• Scarcity: Only 21 million units will ever exist.
• Durability: The blockchain is immutable.
• Divisibility: Each Bitcoin can be divided into 100 million Satoshis.
• Accessibility: Instantly transferable across borders.
When people debate whether Bitcoin is digital gold or a bubble, they're asking the wrong question. It's like asking whether the Internet in 1995 was a communication network or a passing fad. The reality is that it was something completely new, something that would change the world in unpredictable ways.
Bitcoin, although speculative, has also proven to be a catalyst for profound changes in how we understand money, finance, and decentralization. Its evolution might resemble that of other disruptive innovations which, after a period of speculation, found their place in the world.
As central banks print more money, Bitcoin emerges as an alternative to the traditional financial system. Its digital nature positions it perfectly in an increasingly globalized and technological world.
Bitcoin has achieved something that seemed impossible: creating genuine scarcity in the digital world. It's not just "gold," it's the first successful experiment in native Internet money.
The question is no longer whether Bitcoin is digital gold or a speculative bubble. The real question is: Are we witnessing the birth of a new financial standard?
As financial institutions, companies, and governments increasingly adopt this asset, one thing becomes clear: Bitcoin is not simply a passing trend, but a window into a future where technology and finance merge in ways we're just beginning to understand.
TradeCityPro Academy | Money Management👋 Welcome to TradeCityPro Channel!
Money Management Training Is More Important Than Learning Technical Analysis
Let’s start the channel's training with the most important lesson, which helps us survive in the market, transform from a losing trader to a profitable one, and maintain our peace of mind!
📚 Capital Management in Life
Capital management in life means planning and managing your financial, time, and even energy resources optimally to achieve personal and professional goals.
This concept goes beyond financial matters and includes conscious and responsible decision-making to utilize various resources.
🕵️♂️ Capital Management in Financial Markets
Capital management in financial markets refers to planning and controlling the amount of capital allocated for trading, investing, or activities in these markets.
The main goal of capital management is to reduce the risk of asset loss and maintain financial survival in various market conditions. It is one of the key principles of success in trading and investing.
💰 Trading Without Capital Management
Surely, like me, you have traded before learning about capital management, and some of you might have even been profitable for a while.
However, that profitability has never been sustainable, and at some point in the market, you would lose a significant portion of your capital. Consequently, you might experience severe stress and pressure, affecting your social relationships, family life, restful sleep, and a stress-free lifestyle.
Trading without capital management can bring profits occasionally, but the volatility in your trading account increases significantly, disrupting your peace of mind.
For instance, if you have a $10,000 account, trading without capital management might result in one day making $20,000, but the next day dropping to $5,000. This wide range of volatility and the feeling of gaining and losing capital lead to losing your calm in subsequent trades, making you constantly monitor the charts because you haven’t set any rules for yourself.
What If My Capital Is Only $100?
You might say, “I only have $100; why should I do capital management? A 2% profit on $100 is insignificant.” Here’s the answer: even if your capital is small, you must manage it.
If you consistently make a 5-10% monthly profit on that $100 over a year, your capital might not become substantial, but you’ll become a trader who many investors will seek to entrust their funds to. So, don’t just look at percentages.
💵 Why Don’t Most People Practice Capital Management?
The reason why 95% of market participants don’t practice capital management is that they see trading as a get-rich-quick scheme.
Unfortunately, due to misleading advertisements designed to empty your pockets, many view trading as a shortcut to wealth.
Trading is a long journey; without practicing capital management, you might turn $100 into $10,000, but you’ll lose it all in the next trade.
This isn’t poker, gambling, or any similar game. Markets are far more unpredictable. Without setting rules for yourself, you’ll be eliminated quickly, and your money will go to those who stay in the market.
💼 Defining Risk in Capital Management and Setting Daily Risk Limits
While practicing capital management, you must define your daily risk limit. This means deciding the maximum percentage loss you’re willing to accept before closing the charts and ending your trading day.
For example, if your daily risk is 1%, regardless of whether you open 4 trades or 2 trades, you’re not allowed to lose more than 1% of your capital in a single day.
Now, suppose you’ve defined your daily risk limit. If you lose 1% for three consecutive days, totaling a 3% capital loss, would you be okay? Would you talk to your family and friends as usual? Would you stay calm? If not, then this isn’t your appropriate risk level, and it needs to be lowered.
Additionally, you should have a monthly risk limit. For example, if your monthly risk (or drawdown) is 10%, you should stop trading for the month if you lose 10% of your capital and return to the charts the following month.
Initially, accepting stop-losses, planning your trades, and adhering to capital management may be difficult. However, you must practice capital management for all your positions, not just a single trade.
You should also set penalties for not adhering to it! Penalties vary depending on each person’s life. Moreover, you should view your profits and losses in percentages, not in dollar amounts. For example, instead of saying, “I made $10,” say, “I made a 1% profit.” Viewing your results in percentages is crucial as your capital grows because focusing on dollar amounts can negatively affect your trading.
💡 Practice and Example on the Chart
Let’s go through an example on the chart to fully grasp the concept. On the chart, you’ll see the capital management formula, which includes:
The total capital you’re using for futures trading.
Your risk percentage, which is your position and daily risk discussed earlier. For instance, if your daily risk is 1%, your position risk could be 0.25%, 0.5%, or 1%, depending on the number of trades, but this is specific to the position you’re about to open.
On the other side of the equation is the position size, which is the unknown we’re solving for using this formula. Next is the leverage, which is set in your exchange and doesn’t significantly impact your capital management. Finally, there’s the stop-loss size, which is determined using the position management tool in TradingView.
Now, let’s apply the formula to a Bitcoin trade with a 4% stop-loss and a risk-to-reward ratio of 2.
Suppose your total capital for futures is $1,000, and you’re willing to risk 0.5% on this position. The multiplication of these two numbers gives $500. On the other side of the equation, we’re solving for position size in dollars.
Assuming a leverage of 10 and a 4% stop-loss (as shown in the example), the multiplication of 10 and 4 equals 40. Dividing $500 by 40 gives us $12.5. Therefore, you can enter this position with $12.5 using a 10x leverage.
❤️ Friendly Note
If you don’t practice capital management or don’t agree with me, that’s completely fine!
But take a small portion of your capital and trade according to the explanation above. See if you feel calmer and more at ease. Afterward, decide what’s best for your life.
Finally, try to share this article as much as possible so that people don't lose their money in the market because it's not just their money that makes them frustrated and their pride is lost. Let's help them with the help of the community!
XAUUSD: Year End ReviewWow what a year it has been!
It's one thing for Tradingview to give us our stats, but it's an entirely different animal when looking at my individual trades head on like this. I can see where I over traded and when/where I made some much needed tweaks.
The tweaks that were made we're so much my strategy as much as it was mindset - taking fewer trades and letting them run longer. On average 2-4 hours.
I learned so many lessons the main one being less truly is more .
So often I would struggle looking at my losing trades and really reviewing my mistakes. Looking at my metrics on my Topstep account allowed me to refine my mindset. I knew when my most profitable days were/are, how long I should hold my trades to allow them to play out to full TP, and arguable the most important stat - when to stay out of the market.
By analyzing just these three metrics I was able to end the year in profit and believe it or not I was able to finish 4 out of 6 months in profit and get funded/pass my trading combine/evaluation.
This isn't the first time I've been funded. However this is the first time and longest time I have kept my account and the closest I have gotten to a payout.
My trading goals for 2025 is to of course get 1 payout per month and earn 4 more funded Topstep funded accounts. This will max out the number of accounts I can have with Topstep. The best part is I can put all 5 accounts on their integrated trade copier.
I decree and declare over myself that 2025 is going to be my best, most profitable, and most prosperous year to date - IN JESUS NAME! AMEN!
Understanding Window Dressing: What It Is and Why It Happens█ Understanding Window Dressing: What It Is and Why It Happens
At the end of every quarter or year, especially in December, some fund managers engage in a practice called window dressing. While it may sound like a holiday tradition, it’s actually a financial strategy designed to make a portfolio look more attractive to investors. Here's what you need to know:
█ What Is Window Dressing?
Window dressing happens when fund managers adjust their portfolios right before reporting periods. They sell underperforming stocks and buy high-performing ones to present a cleaner, more successful-looking portfolio in reports to clients or investors. This tactic gives the appearance of strong investment decisions, even if the actual performance over the quarter or year was lackluster.
█ Why Do Fund Managers Do It?
To Impress Investors:
Fund managers want their reports to show a strong portfolio, which can attract new investors and retain current ones.
To Boost Confidence:
A portfolio filled with "winning" stocks makes it seem like the fund consistently picks the right investments.
To Justify Performance:
If a fund struggled during the year, window dressing can shift focus away from losses.
█ How Does It Work?
Selling Losing Stocks: Underperforming stocks are sold off so they don't appear in the end-of-year report. Example: A fund holding a struggling tech stock might sell it in December to avoid questions about its performance.
Buying Winning Stocks: Managers may buy stocks that performed well recently, even if they didn’t hold them earlier, to create the illusion of good timing. Example: Adding shares of a high-flying AI company to the portfolio in December to make it seem like they capitalized on the trend.
█ Examples in Action
⚪ Market Volatility in December
As the 2024 trading year wrapped up, U.S. stock markets experienced notable declines, reflecting a mix of profit-taking, year-end adjustments, and portfolio rebalancing. One key driver of this volatility was window dressing. Fund managers, aiming to improve the appearance of their portfolios, sold off underperforming stocks in bulk before the year-end reporting period. This large-scale activity added pressure to the already vulnerable market, amplifying price movements, particularly in weaker stocks.
Example: Imagine a fund holding several tech stocks that underperformed in 2024. By December, the fund may decide to sell these stocks en masse, effectively clearing them from their books. This sudden selling can further depress the stock prices of those underperforming companies, creating a ripple effect across the broader market.
Broader Market Impact: The sharp sell-offs from window dressing contribute to increased market fluctuations, which can mislead casual investors into thinking these stocks are worse off than they might be in the long term.
⚪ Tax-Loss Selling
In addition to window dressing, another widespread practice that overlaps with it during December is tax-loss selling. This is when fund managers or individual investors sell losing stocks to offset their capital gains for tax purposes. This allows them to reduce their taxable income while simultaneously adjusting their portfolios for the new year.
How It Overlaps: A fund manager selling a losing stock for tax purposes might also be engaging in window dressing, as this helps clean up the portfolio's appearance for the year-end report. The dual motivation often drives even more selling pressure on underperforming stocks in December.
Example: Suppose a fund owns shares of a biotech company that fell significantly during the year. Selling the shares not only offsets gains elsewhere in the portfolio but also removes the "blemish" of a losing position from the annual report.
█ Is Window Dressing Legal?
Yes, it’s legal, but it’s often criticized for being misleading. Investors might think the fund's performance was better than it actually was. Regulators like the SEC are taking steps to increase transparency. For example, mutual funds will soon have to report their holdings monthly instead of quarterly, making it harder to hide these tactics.
█ How Does It Affect You as an Investor?
Short-Term Market Volatility: Window dressing can cause unusual price movements in December as funds adjust their portfolios.
Misleading Reports: If you’re investing in mutual funds or ETFs, the end-of-year portfolio may not reflect the manager’s true strategy or the fund’s performance throughout the year.
█ Takeaway for Investors
Window dressing is a reminder to look beyond year-end reports when evaluating a fund. Focus on long-term performance and consistency rather than just the holdings shown in December. Transparency regulations will help, but it’s always wise to dig deeper.
By understanding window dressing, you can make more informed decisions about your investments and avoid being misled by this common, yet questionable, practice.
-----------------
Disclaimer
This is an educational study for entertainment purposes only.
The information in my Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems does not constitute financial advice or a solicitation to buy or sell securities. I will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information.
All investments involve risk, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, financial product, trading strategy, backtest, or individual's trading does not guarantee future results or returns. Investors are fully responsible for any investment decisions they make. Such decisions should be based solely on evaluating their financial circumstances, investment objectives, risk tolerance, and liquidity needs.
My Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems are only for educational purposes!
Will Bitcoin Push BLX to New Heights? Analyzing Market Cycles anHI traders
Bitcoin has the power to shape the future, and as BLX follows its path, understanding the emotional market cycles becomes key to navigating its potential. In this analysis, we’ll explore the relationship between Bitcoin's movements and the psychological phases of the market cycle. From the initial optimism that drives the first wave of buying, to the euphoria when prices surge to new highs, and then the inevitable anxiety as market sentiment begins to shift. Fear sets in during the panic phase, leading to widespread selling, followed by despair, where most investors exit the market. However, this is followed by hope as the market stabilizes and slowly recovers. Understanding how these emotional shifts influence BLX and Bitcoin will help you spot opportunities, manage risk, and position yourself for success as the market moves through its cyclical nature. The key is not just predicting the market, but mastering your emotions to thrive in any phase.
How Does Market Psychology Shape BLX's Price Movements?Hi traders
"How the Psychology of Market Cycles Influences BLX"
The Psychology of a Market Cycle refers to the emotional and behavioral phases investors and traders experience as markets move through different stages, from optimism during bull markets to fear and despair during downturns. Understanding these psychological patterns is crucial for making informed decisions and avoiding common pitfalls.
Market cycles are deeply intertwined with investor psychology, and their impact is clearly reflected in indices like BLX, which tracks Bitcoin’s price performance. The emotional phases of optimism, fear, and recovery that characterize market cycles shape the trajectory of BLX in profound ways.
Bull Markets and Euphoria:
In the optimistic and euphoric stages, BLX often experiences significant upward momentum as confidence and greed drive speculative buying. The "fear of missing out" (FOMO) accelerates the rise, pushing BLX to new highs.
Bear Markets and Panic:
When anxiety and denial give way to fear and capitulation, BLX faces sharp declines. Investors overwhelmed by negative sentiment sell off assets, leading to steep corrections in the index.
Recovery and Hope:
As despair subsides and hope emerges, BLX starts to stabilize and climb, driven by early adopters and institutional interest. This phase lays the groundwork for the next market cycle.
Understanding the psychological dynamics behind market cycles can help traders and investors navigate BLX’s fluctuations, make informed decisions, and avoid being swayed by emotional reactions.
How Leverage Works in Forex TradingDear readers, my name is Andrea Russo, and today I want to talk to you about one of the most discussed topics in trading: leverage in Forex. This tool, both powerful and delicate, allows traders to amplify their gains with small investments but also carries significant risks if not used prudently. In this article, I will guide you step by step, explaining how leverage works, its advantages and risks, and how you can start trading safely.
What is leverage in Forex?
Leverage is a tool that allows traders to control much larger positions than the capital actually invested. For example, with a leverage of 1:100, you can open a $100,000 position with an initial investment of just $1,000.
Here’s a simple example:
You invest $1,000 with a leverage of 1:100.
Your market exposure will be $100,000.
If the market moves 1% in your favor, you will earn $1,000 (equal to 100% of your capital).
If the market moves 1% against you, you will lose your entire capital.
As you can see, leverage amplifies both gains and losses, which is why it’s essential to understand how it works before using it.
Advantages of leverage
Leverage offers several advantages that make it an attractive tool for those who want to invest in Forex:
Access to the market with small capital: You can start trading even with modest sums, thanks to leverage.
Diversification: With limited capital, you can open multiple positions on different currency pairs.
Maximization of profits: Even small price movements can translate into significant gains.
The risks of leverage
Despite its advantages, leverage carries important risks:
High losses: The same amplification that generates profits can multiply losses.
Margin Call: If losses exceed the available margin, the broker may automatically close your positions.
Emotional stress: High leverage can lead to impulsive decisions, often driven by anxiety.
How to start trading in Forex with leverage
If you want to use leverage effectively and safely in Forex, follow these steps:
1. Educate yourself and learn the basics
First of all, study how the Forex market works. It’s important to understand what influences exchange rates and which strategies to adopt. Dive into key concepts such as:
Major currency pairs
Spread and commissions
Technical and fundamental analysis
2. Choose a reliable broker
The broker is your trading partner, so ensure that it is regulated and offers transparent conditions. Look for brokers with:
Competitive spreads
Flexible leverage options
User-friendly platforms
3. Start with a demo account
To practice, use a demo account. You can test your strategies without risking real money and gain confidence with the platform.
4. Set up a trading strategy
A good trader doesn’t leave anything to chance. Define a trading plan that includes:
Realistic goals
Percentage of risk per trade (1-2% of capital)
Risk management tools like stop-loss and take-profit
5. Start with low leverage
If you’re a beginner, use moderate leverage, such as 1:10 or 1:20. This will allow you to limit losses while learning to manage risk.
6. Monitor positions and manage risk
Risk management is the key to successful trading. Invest only what you can afford to lose and constantly monitor your positions.
Conclusion
Leverage is an incredible tool, but it must be used cautiously. It can open the doors of the Forex market even to those with limited capital, but it requires discipline, education, and good risk management.
Thank you for reading this article. If you have any questions or want to share your experiences in Forex, feel free to write in the comments.
And remember: trading is a marathon, not a sprint! Happy trading!
Visual A Happy New Year.This visualization transforms price data into a dynamic constellation of interconnected points, moving beyond linear time series analysis to explore hidden dimensions of market behavior. It leverages the human brain's pattern recognition abilities to potentially reveal insights invisible on standard charts.
█ CONCEPTS
This visualization breaks free from the constraints of linear time by connecting data points based on relationships beyond chronological order. This approach allows for the exploration of non-linear patterns and multi-dimensional time series analysis, leveraging the speed of visual information processing in the human brain. It's a demonstration where a logarithm is swinging back and forth sweeping to look for patterns that the lines cross along common frequencies.
█ NEW AVENUES OF OBSERVATION
• Non-Linear Pattern Detection: Identify patterns and correlations invisible on standard charts, such as subtle shifts in market sentiment or recurring motifs signaling trend changes.
• Multi-Dimensional Time Series Analysis: Explore dimensions beyond time, such as volatility, volume, or sentiment, to uncover hidden drivers of market behavior.
• Visual Intuition: Leverage the brain's pattern recognition to intuitively grasp complex market dynamics obscured by traditional methods.
█ THE POTENTIAL OF IMAGINATIVE TOOLING
This visualization demonstrates the power of creative coding with Pine Script and the potential of platforms like TradingView to develop innovative market analysis tools.
█ TECHNICAL INSIGHTS
The focus on visuals stems from the brain's rapid processing of visual information compared to text or numbers, enabling faster pattern and trend identification.
█ QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER EXPLORATION
1 — What relationships between data points are visualized (price proximity, volatility, volume, etc.)?
In this case, it's a demonstration where a logarithm is swinging back and forth sweeping to look for patterns that the lines cross along common frequencies.
2 — How can we quantify and automatically detect/classify emerging patterns and clusters?
By measuring when lines cross pivots, distance of points from patterned averages, density between two lines... Many possible ideas.
3 — How can we incorporate additional dimensions to enrich market behavior understanding?
By Trying, by testing, experimenting in ways beyond what you saw before.
█ FUTURE DIRECTIONS
This is a starting point for further research. Continued exploration could lead to sophisticated tools integrating multiple market data dimensions, allowing navigation through a visualized landscape for better predictions and strategies. Imagine a future where traders and analysts can navigate through a 3D visualised landscape of market data with overlapping colours, transparencies, layers indicating correlations, zooming in on specific patterns and lighting up in ways that show us moments of significance that were previously invisible.
█ CALL TO ACTION
Experiment with Pine Script and share your visualizations. Collective creativity and innovation can drive this field forward. Let's explore, experiment, and push the limits of visual thinking together. This visualisation is only one of many starting points, you can find a number of other greet works by browsing through the scripts available on Trading view, I am sharing this as an invitation to think outside the box.
The Quest for Market MasteryEssential Reading for Understanding Markets, Behavior, and Decision-Making
Understanding financial markets and human behavior requires more than just technical knowledge - it demands deep insights into psychology, probability, and decision-making. I've curated a selection of groundbreaking books that together provide a comprehensive framework for mastering these interconnected domains.
Let's start with Daniel Kahneman's "Thinking, Fast and Slow," a masterpiece that revolutionized our understanding of human decision-making. Kahneman introduces us to two systems that drive our thinking: the fast, intuitive System 1, and the slow, analytical System 2. This book is essential for anyone looking to understand their own cognitive biases and improve their decision-making process, whether in markets or in life.
Building on these psychological insights, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein's "Nudge" explores how choice architecture influences our decisions. Their work demonstrates how subtle changes in how options are presented can significantly impact outcomes - crucial knowledge for both policymakers and investors.
For those interested in the intersection of theory and practice, Nassim Nicholas Taleb's "Incerto" series (including "Fooled by Randomness," "The Black Swan," and "Antifragile") offers profound insights into probability, uncertainty, and risk. Taleb's work challenges conventional wisdom about randomness and helps readers develop more robust mental models for dealing with uncertainty.
Moving to practical market applications, Edward O. Thorp's "A Man for All Markets" provides a fascinating journey from Las Vegas to Wall Street. Thorp, who pioneered quantitative investing, shares valuable lessons about probability, risk management, and the importance of maintaining a mathematical edge in any endeavor.
Gregory Zuckerman's "The Man Who Solved the Market" tells the incredible story of Jim Simons and Renaissance Technologies. This book offers rare insights into how mathematical models and data science revolutionized trading, while also highlighting the importance of assembling exceptional teams and maintaining rigorous discipline.
Finally, George Soros's "The Alchemy of Finance" introduces his theory of reflexivity, challenging traditional economic theories about market equilibrium. His insights about how market participants' perceptions affect market reality remain highly relevant today.
Reading these books in combination offers several key benefits:
A deep understanding of human psychology and decision-making
Practical frameworks for dealing with uncertainty and probability
Real-world applications of theoretical concepts
Insights into different approaches to market analysis
Lessons about risk management and system building
The authors approach markets and decision-making from different angles - psychology, mathematics, philosophy, and practical experience. Together, they provide a rich tapestry of knowledge that can help readers develop more sophisticated mental models for understanding markets and human behavior.
For beginners, I recommend starting with "Thinking, Fast and Slow" to build a psychological foundation, then moving to "Nudge" and the "Incerto" series. More market-focused readers might prefer beginning with Thorp's memoir before diving into the theoretical works.
Remember that understanding markets and behavior is a journey, not a destination. These books don't offer simple formulas for success, but rather frameworks for thinking about complex problems. The real value comes from integrating these different perspectives into your own mental models and decision-making processes.
Whether you're an investor, trader, policy maker, or simply someone interested in understanding how markets and humans interact, these books provide invaluable insights that can help you navigate an increasingly complex world. The time invested in reading and understanding these works will pay dividends far beyond the financial markets.
Trading While Tired: How Lack of Sleep Messed Me UpThere was a time in my trading journey when I thought staying up late would make me a better trader. I’d sit at my desk until the early hours, staring at charts and telling myself, “The more I watch, the more I’ll win.” At first, it seemed like it was working. I caught a few decent trades late at night and felt like I was ahead of the game.
But then, it all started to go wrong.
The Day It Hit Me
One morning, after getting just four hours of sleep, I sat down to trade like I always did. But something felt off. I couldn’t focus on the charts—I kept missing obvious patterns. On one trade, I completely forgot to set a stop-loss, and it ended up costing me more than it should have.
By the end of the day, I had made so many mistakes that I didn’t even recognize myself as a trader. I was losing money, and I felt like a mess.
What Lack of Sleep Does
Looking back, I can see how skipping sleep was hurting me. Here’s what I went through:
- I Couldn’t Think Clearly: I felt foggy and couldn’t concentrate on my trading plan.
- I Made Bad Choices: I rushed into trades without thinking them through.
- I Was Moody: Losing trades hit me harder than they should have, and little things made me angry.
- I Drank Too Much Coffee: I thought caffeine would fix my tiredness, but it just made me jittery.
- I Broke My Rules: I was too tired to follow my trading strategy.
How I Fixed It
One day, after another sleepless night and a morning full of mistakes, I decided enough was enough. I told myself I needed to change.
The first step? Making sleep a priority. At first, it was hard to turn off the charts and go to bed. I thought I’d miss out on opportunities, but the truth was the opposite. With proper rest, I became sharper, calmer, and more confident in my trades.
What I Learned
-Sleep is as important as trading skills—you can’t think clearly without it.
-Watching the charts all night doesn’t help if you’re too tired to make good decisions.
-A good night’s sleep leads to smarter, more focused trading.
Are You Trading Tired?
If you’re staying up late and feeling exhausted while trading, it’s time to change that. Trust me, your trades will get better when your brain has the energy to work properly.
If you’re stuck or want to chat about how to balance trading with a healthy lifestyle, send me a DM. I’ve been there, and I’m here to help!
Kris/Mindbloome Exchange
Overtrading: The Fast Track to BurnoutThere was a day in my trading journey that I’ll never forget—and not for a good reason. It started like any normal day. I had my plan, and the first few trades went well. But then, I saw what I thought was another good opportunity. Without thinking it through, I jumped in.
The trade didn’t work out, and I got frustrated. Instead of stepping back, I started trading like crazy, trying to get my money back. One bad trade led to another, and before I knew it, I had made over 30 trades in a single day. Each one was worse than the last. By the end, I had lost thousands of dollars.
Even worse than the money, I felt drained, frustrated, and embarrassed. That’s when I realized: I was overtrading, and it was destroying both my account and my mindset.
What Is Overtrading?
Overtrading is when you make too many trades, often because you’re emotional. Maybe you’re trying to chase every small market move, recover a loss, or just avoid feeling bored. Whatever the reason, you’re not sticking to your plan—you’re just clicking buttons and hoping for the best.
How to Spot Overtrading
Here’s how you can tell if you’re overtrading:
- Too Many Trades: You’re constantly jumping in and out of the market without thinking it through.
- Ignoring Your Rules: You forget your plan and take trades that don’t fit your strategy.
- Trading on Emotions: You’re trading out of frustration, boredom, or desperation.
- Feeling Exhausted: By the end of your session, you’re completely wiped out.
- Losing More Money: Your account keeps shrinking because your trades are rushed and sloppy.
What Overtrading Does to You
Overtrading isn’t just bad for your account—it’s bad for you, too:
- You Lose Money: Bad trades add up fast, and your account takes a hit.
- You Burn Out: Staring at screens all day and trading on emotions will leave you mentally drained.
- You Lose Confidence: Watching your mistakes pile up makes you doubt yourself.
- You Break Discipline: Once you’re out of control, it’s hard to stick to your strategy.
- You Feel Tired and Unhealthy: Long hours and no breaks make your body and mind feel worse.
How I Fixed It
After that awful day, I knew I had to change. I took a break for a few days to clear my head. When I came back, I made some rules for myself:
-Only trade setups that match my plan.
-Set a limit on how many trades I can take in a day.
-Take regular breaks so I don’t burn out.
-Journal every trade so I can spot my mistakes and improve.
It took time, but these small changes helped me stop overtrading and focus on making smarter decisions.
Are You Overtrading?
If this sounds familiar, you’re not alone. Overtrading happens to a lot of traders, but you can fix it with the right approach.
If you’re feeling stuck, frustrated, or burned out, send me a DM. I’m here to help you figure out what’s going wrong and how to turn things around. You don’t have to do it alone!
Kris/Mindbloome Exchange
HOW-TO use the Rainbow Indicator? (full guide)Below is a complete instruction on how to use the Rainbow Indicator along with examples. This indicator is an important facet of my decision-making system because it allows me to answer two important questions:
- At what price should I make a trade with the selected shares?
- In what volume?
Part 1: Darts Set
My concept of investing in stocks is buying great companies during a sell-off . Of course, this idea is not unique. One way or another, this was said by the luminaries of value investing – Benjamin Graham and Warren Buffett. However, the implementation of this concept may vary depending on the preferences of each investor.To find great companies, I use the Fundamental strength indicator , and to plan opening and closing positions I use the Rainbow indicator.
To begin your acquaintance with the Rainbow Indicator, I would like to invite you to take part in a mental experiment. Imagine two small rooms for a game of darts. Each room has a different target hanging in it. It can be anywhere: center, left, right, bottom, or top.
Target #1 from the first room looks like a small red circle.
Target #2 from the second room looks like a larger red circle.
You get a reward for hitting the target, calculated according to the following principle: the smaller the target in relation to the wall surface, the greater the reward you get.
You have 100 darts in your hand, that is 100 attempts to hit the target. For each attempt, you pay $10. So to play this unusual game of darts, you take with you $1,000. Now, the most important condition is that you play in absolute darkness . So you don't know exactly what part of the wall the target is hanging in, so all your years of darts practice don't matter here.
The question is: Which room will you choose?
This is where you begin to think. Since your skills and experience are almost completely untapped in this game, all of your attempts to hit a target will be random. This is a useful observation because it allows you to apply the theory of probability. The password is Jacob Bernoulli. This is the mathematician who derived the formula by which you can calculate the probability of a successful outcome for a limited number of attempts.
In our case, a successful outcome is a dart hitting the target as many times as necessary in order to, at least, not lose anything. In the case of Target #1, it is one hit or more. In the case of Target 2, it is 10 hits or more.
The probability of hitting Target #1 is 1/100 or 1% (since the target area occupies 1% of the wall area).
The probability of hitting Target #2 is 10/100 or 10% (since the target area occupies 10% of the wall area).
The number of attempts is equal to the number of darts - 100.
Now we have all the data to calculate.
So, Bernoulli's formula :
According to this formula:
- The probability of one or more hits on Target #1 is 63% (out of 100%).
- The probability of ten or more hits on Target #2 is 55% (out of 100%).
You may say, "I think we should go to the first room". However, take your time with this conclusion because it is interesting to calculate the probability of not hitting the target even once, i.e., losing $1,000.
We calculate using the same formula:
- The probability of not hitting Target #1 is 37% (out of 100%).
- The probability of not hitting Target #2 is 0.0027% (out of 100%).
If we calculate the ratio of the probability of a successful outcome to the probability of losing the whole amount, we get:
- For the first room = 1.7
- For the second room = 20370
You know, I like the second room better.
This mental experiment reflects my approach to investing in stocks. The first room is an example of a strategy where you try to find the perfect entry point - to buy at a price below which the stock will not fall. The second room reflects an approach where you're not chasing a specific price level, but thinking in price ranges. In both cases, you'll have plenty of attempts, but in the first room, the risk of losing everything is much greater than in the second room.
Now let me show you my target, which is a visual interpretation of the Rainbow Indicator.
It also hangs on the wall, in absolute darkness, and only becomes visible after I have used all the darts. Before the game starts, I announce the color where I want to go. The probability of hitting decreases from blue to green, and then to orange and red. That is, the smaller the color area, the less likely it is to successfully hit the selected color. However, the size of the reward also increases according to the same principle - the smaller the area of color, the greater the reward.
Throwing a dart is an attempt to close a position with a profit.
Hitting the selected color is a position closed with a profit.
Missing the selected color means the position is closed at a loss.
Now imagine that in the absolutely dark room where I am, I have a flashlight. Thanks to it, I have the opportunity to see in which part of the wall the target is located. This gives me a significant advantage because now I throw darts not blindly, but with a precise understanding of where I am aiming. Light shining on the wall increases the probability of a successful outcome, which can also be estimated using the Bernoulli formula.
Let's say I have 100 darts in my hands, that is, one hundred attempts to hit the chosen target. The probability of a dart hitting a red target (without the help of a flashlight) is 10%, and with the help of a flashlight, for example, 15%. That is, my ability to throw darts improves the probability of hitting the target by 5%. For hitting the red target, I get $100, and for each throw I pay $10. In this case, the probability of hitting the red target ten or more times is 94.49% (out of 100%) versus 55% (out of 100%) without a flashlight. In other words, under these game conditions and the assumptions made, if I try all 100 darts, the probability of recouping all my expenses will be 94.49% if I aim only at the red target.
In my decision-making system, such a "flashlight" is the Fundamental strength indicator, dynamics of cash flows, the P/E ratio and the absence of critical news. And the darts set (target and darts) is a metaphor for the Rainbow Indicator. However, please note that all probabilities of positive outcomes are assumptions and are provided only for the purpose of example and understanding of the approach I have chosen. Stocks of public companies are not a guaranteed income instrument, nor are any indicators associated with them.
Part 2: Margin of safety
The idea to create the Rainbow Indicator came to me thanks to the concept of "margin of safety" coined by the father of value investing, Benjamin Graham. According to his idea, it is reasonable to buy shares of a company only when the price offered by the market is lower than the "intrinsic value" calculated based on financial statements. The value of this difference is the "margin of safety". At the same time, the indicator does not copy Graham's idea but develops it relying on my own methodology.
So, according to Graham, the "margin of safety" is a good discount to the intrinsic value of the company. That is, if a company's stock is trading at prices that are well below the company's intrinsic value (on a per-share basis), it's a good opportunity to consider buying it. In this case, you will have a certain margin of safety in case the company is in financial distress and its stock price goes down. Accordingly, the greater the discount, the better.
When it comes to the intrinsic value of a company, there are many approaches to determining it - from calculating the Price-to-book value financial ratio to the discounted cash flow method. As for my approach, I don’t try to find the coveted intrinsic value/cost, but I try to understand how fundamentally strong the company in front of me is, and how many years it will take to pay off my investment in it.
To decide to buy shares, I use the following sequence of actions:
- Determining fundamental strength of a company and analysis of cash flows using the Fundamental Strength Indicator.
- Analysis of the recoupment period of investments using P/E ratio .
- Analysis of critical news .
- Analysis of the current price using Rainbow Indicator.
To decide to sell shares, I use:
- Analysis of the current price using Rainbow Indicator.
- Or The Rule of Replacement of Stocks in a Portfolio .
- Or Force majeure Position Closing Rule .
Thus, the Rainbow indicator is always used in tandem with other indicators and analysis methods when buying stocks. However, in the case of selling previously purchased shares, I can only use the Rainbow indicator or one of the rules that I will discuss below. Next, we will consider the methodology for calculating the Rainbow Indicator.
Indicator calculation methodology
The Rainbow indicator starts with a simple moving average of one year (this is the thick red line in the center). Hereinafter, a year will mean the last 252 trading days.
Applying a moving average of this length - is a good way to smooth out sharp price fluctuations which can happen during a year as much as possible, keeping the trend direction as much as possible. Thus, the moving average becomes for me the center of fluctuations of the imaginary pendulum of the market price.
Then the deviations are calculated from the center of fluctuations. To achieve this, a certain number of earnings per share is subtracted from and added to the moving average. This is the diluted EPS of the last year.
Deviations with a "-" sign from the Lower Rainbow of four colors:
- The Blue Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow begins with a deflection of -4 EPS and ends with a deflection of -8 EPS.
- The Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow begins with a deflection of -8 EPS and ends with a deflection of -16 EPS.
- The Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow begins with a deflection of -16 EPS and ends with a deflection of -32 EPS.
- The Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow begins with a deflection of -32 EPS and goes to infinity.
The Lower Rainbow is used to determine the price ranges that can be considered for buying stocks. It is in the spectra of the Lower Rainbow that the very "margin of safety" according to my methodology is located. The Lower Rainbow has the boundaries between the spectra as a solid line . And only the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow has only one boundary.
Deviations with a "+" sign from the Upper Rainbow of four similar colors:
- The Red Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow begins with a deflection of 0 EPS and ends with a deflection of +4 EPS.
- The Orange Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow begins with a deflection of +4 EPS and ends with a deflection of +8 EPS.
- The Green Spectrum top rainbow begins with a deflection of +8 EPS and ends with a deflection of +16 EPS.
- The Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow begins with a deflection of +16 EPS and goes to infinity.
The Upper Rainbow is used to determine the price ranges that can be considered for selling stocks already purchased. The top rainbow has boundaries between the spectra in the form of crosses . And only the Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow has only one boundary.
The presence of the Empty Area (the size of 4 EPS) above the Lower Rainbow creates some asymmetry between the two rainbows - the Lower Rainbow looks wider than the Upper Rainbow. This asymmetry is deliberate because the market tends to fall much faster and deeper than it grows . Therefore, a wider Lower Rainbow is conducive to buying stocks at a good discount during a period of massive "sell-offs".
The situation when the Lower Rainbow is below the center of fluctuations (the thick red line) and the Upper Rainbow is above the center of fluctuations is called an Obverse . It is only possible to buy a stock in an Obverse situation.
The situation when the Lower Rainbow is above the center of fluctuations and the Upper Rainbow is below the center of fluctuations is called Reverse . In this situation, the stock cannot be considered for purchase , according to my approach.
Selling a previously purchased stock is possible in both situations: Reverse and Obverse. After loading the indicator, you can see a hint next to the closing price - Reverse or Obverse now.
Because the size of the deviation from the center of fluctuation depends on the size of the diluted EPS, several important conclusions can be made:
- The increase in the width of both rainbows in the Obverse situation tells me about the growth of profits in the companies.
- The decrease in the width of both rainbows in the Obverse situation tells me about a decrease in profits in the companies.
- The increase in the width of both rainbows in the Reverse situation tells me about the growth of losses in the companies.
- The decrease in the width of both rainbows in the Reverse situation tells me about the decrease in losses in the companies.
- The higher the company's level of profit, the larger my "margin of safety" should be. This will provide the necessary margin of safety in the event of a transition to a cycle of declining financial results. The corresponding width of the Lower Rainbow will just create this "reserve".
- The growth in profit in the company (after buying its shares) will allow me to stay in the position longer due to the expansion of the Upper Rainbow.
- A decrease in profit in the company (after buying its shares) will allow me to close the position faster due to the narrowing of the Upper Rainbow.
So the Rainbow indicator shows me a price range that can be considered for purchase if all the necessary conditions are met. By being in this price range, my investment will have a certain margin of safety or "margin of safety." It will also tell me when to exit a stock position based on the company's earnings analysis.
Part 3: Crazy Mr. Market
The Fundamental strength of a company influences the long-term price performance of its shares. This is a thesis that I believe in and use in my work. A company that does not live in debt and quickly converts its goods or services into money will be appreciated by the market. This all sounds good, you say, but what should an investor do who needs to decide here and now? Moreover, one has to act in conditions of constant changes in market sentiment. Current talk about the company's excellent prospects can be replaced by a pessimistic view of it literally the next day. Therefore, the stock price chart of any companies, regardless of its fundamental strength, can resemble the chaotic drawings of preschool children.
Working with such uncertainty required me to develop my own attitude towards it. Benjamin Graham's idea of market madness was of invaluable help to me in this. Imagine that the market is your business partner, "Mr. Market". Every day, he comes to your office to check in and offer you a deal with shares of your mutual companies. Sometimes he wants to buy your share, sometimes he intends to sell his. And each time he offers a price at random, relying only on his intuition. When he is in a panic and afraid of everything, he wants to get rid of his shares. When he feels euphoria and blind faith in the future, he wants to buy your share. This is how crazy your partner is.
Why is he acting like this? According to Graham, this is how all investors behave who do not understand the real value/cost of what they own. They jump from side to side and do it with the regularity of a "maniac" every day. The smart investor's job is to understand the fundamental value of your business and just wait for the next visit from crazy Mr. Market. If he panics and offers to buy his stocks at a surprisingly low price, take them and wish him luck. If he begs you to sell him stocks and quotes an unusually high price, sell them and wish him luck. The Rainbow indicator is used to evaluate these two poles.
Now let's look at the conditions of opening and closing a position according to the indicator.
So, the Lower Rainbow has four differently colored spectra: blue, green, orange, and red. Each one highlights the desired range of prices acceptable for buying in an Obverse situation. The Blue Spectrum is upper regarding the Green Spectrum, and the Green Spectrum is lower regarding the Blue Spectrum, etc.
- If the current price is in the Blue Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow, that is a reason to consider that company for buying the first portion (*) of the stock.
- If the current price has fallen below (into the Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow), that is a reason to consider this company to buy a second portion of the stock.
- If the current price has fallen below (into the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow), it is a reason to consider this company to buy a third portion of the stock.
- If the current price has fallen below (into the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow), that is a reason to consider that company to buy a fourth portion of the stock.
(*) The logic of the Rainbow Indicator implies that no more than 4 portions of one company's stock can be purchased. One portion refers to the number of shares you can consider buying at the current price (depending on your account size and personal diversification ratio - see information below).
The Upper Rainbow also has four differently colored spectra: blue, green, orange, and red. Each of them highlights the appropriate range of prices acceptable for closing an open position.
- If the current price is in the Red Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, I close one portion of an open position bought in the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow.
- If the current price is in the Orange Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, I close one portion of an open position bought in the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow.
- If the current price is in the Green Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, I close one portion of an open position bought in the Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow.
- If the current price is in the Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, I close one portion of an open position bought in the Blue Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow.
This position-closing logic applies to both the Obverse and Reverse situations. In both cases, the position is closed in portions in four steps. However, there are 3 exceptions to this rule when it is possible to close an entire position in whole rather than in parts:
1. If there is a Reverse situation and the current price is above the thick red line.
2.if I decide to invest in another company and I do not have enough free finances to purchase the required number of shares (Portfolio Replacement Rule).
3. If I learn of events that pose a real threat to the continued existence of the companies (for example, filing for bankruptcy), I can close the position earlier, without waiting for the price to fall into the corresponding Upper Rainbow spectrum (Force majeure Position Closing Rule).
So, the basic scenario of opening and closing a position assumes the gradual purchase of shares in 4 stages and their gradual sale in 4 stages. However, there is a situation where one of the stages is skipped in the case of buying shares and in the case of selling them. For example, because the Fundamental Strength Indicator and the P/E ratio became acceptable for me only at a certain stage (spectrum) or the moment was missed for a transaction due to technical reasons. In such cases, I buy or sell more than one portion of a stock in the spectrum I am in. The number of additional portions will depend on the number of missed spectra.
For example, if I have no position in the stock of the company in question, all conditions for buying the stock have been met, and the current price is in the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow, I can buy three portions of the stock at once (for the Blue, Green, and Orange Spectrum). I will sell these three portions in the corresponding Upper Rainbow spectra (orange, green, and blue). However, if, for some reason, the Orange Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow was missed, and the current price is in the Green Spectrum - I will sell two portions of the three (in the Green Spectrum). I will sell the last, third portion only when the price reaches the Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow.
The table also contains additional information in the form of the current value of the company's market capitalization and P/E ratio. This allows me to use these two indicators within one indicator.
Returning to the madness of the market, I would like to mention that this is a reality that cannot be fought, but can be used to achieve results. To get a sense of this, I will give an example of one of the stereotypes of an investor who uses fundamental analysis in his work.His thinking might be: If I valued a company on its financial performance and bought it, then I should stay in the position long enough to justify my expenses of analysis. In this way, the investor deliberately deprives himself of flexibility in decision-making. He will be completely at a loss if the financial performance starts to deteriorate rapidly and the stock price starts to decline rapidly. It is surprising that the same condition will occur in the case of a rapid upward price movement. The investor will torment himself with the question "what to do?" because I just bought stocks of this company, expecting to hold them for the long term. It is at moments like these that I'm aware of the value of the Rainbow Indicator. If it is not a force majeure or a Reverse situation, I just wait until the price reaches the Upper Rainbow. Thus, I can close the position in a year, in a month or in a few weeks. I don't have a goal to hold an open position for a long time, but I do have a goal to constantly adhere to the chosen investment strategy.
Part 4: Diversification Ratio
If the price is in the Lower Rainbow range and all other criteria are met, it is a good time to ask yourself, "How many shares to buy?" To answer this question, I need to understand how many companies I plan to invest in. Here I adhere to the principle of diversification - that is, distributing investments between the shares of several companies. What is this for? To reduce the impact of any company on the portfolio as a whole. Remember the old saying: don't put all your eggs in one basket. Like baskets, stocks can fall and companies can file for bankruptcy and leave the exchange. In this regard, diversification is a way to avoid losing capital due to investing in only one company.
How do I determine the minimum number of companies for a portfolio? This amount depends on my attitude towards the capital that I will use to invest in stocks. If I accept the risk of losing 100% of my capital, then I can only invest in one company. It can be said that in this case there is no diversification. If I accept the risk of losing 50% of my capital, then I should invest in at least two companies, and so on. I just divide 100% by the percentage of capital that I can safely lose. The resulting number, rounded to the nearest whole number, is the minimum number of companies for my portfolio.
As for the maximum value, it is also easy to determine. To achieve this, you need to multiply the minimum number of companies by four (this is how many spectra the Lower or Upper Rainbow of the indicator contains). How many companies I end up with in my portfolio will depend on from this set of factors. However, this amount will always fluctuate between the minimum and maximum, calculated according to the principle described above.
I call the maximum possible number of companies in a portfolio the diversification coefficient. It is this coefficient that is involved in calculating the number of shares needed to be purchased in a particular spectrum of the Lower Rainbow. How does this work? Let's go to the indicator settings and fill in the necessary fields for the calculation.
+ Cash in - Cash out +/- Closed Profit/Loss + Dividends - Fees - Taxes
+Cash in - the number of finances deposited into my account
-Cash out - the number of finances withdrawn from my account
+/-Closed Profit/Loss - profit or loss on closed positions
+Dividends - dividends received on the account
-Fees - broker and exchange commission
-Taxes - taxes debited from the account
Diversification coefficient
The diversification coefficient determines how diversified I want my portfolio to be. For example, a diversification coefficient of 20 means that I plan to buy 20 share portions of different companies, but no more than 4 portions per company (based on the number of Lower Rainbow spectra).
The cost of purchased shares of this company (fees excluded)
Here, I specify the amount of already purchased shares of the company in question in the currency of my portfolio. For example, if at this point, I have purchased 1000 shares at $300 per share, and my portfolio is expressed in $, I enter - $300,000.
The cost of all purchased shares in the portfolio (fees excluded)
Here, I enter the amount of all purchased shares for all companies in the currency of my portfolio (without commissions spent on the purchase). This is necessary to determine the amount of available funds available to purchase shares.
After entering all the necessary data, I move on to the checkbox, by checking which I confirm that the company in question has successfully passed all preliminary stages of analysis (Fundamental strength indicator, P/E ratio, critical news). Without the check, the calculation is not performed. This is done intentionally because the use of the Rainbow Indicator for the purpose of purchasing shares is possible only after passing all the preliminary stages. Next, I click "Ok" and get the calculation in the form of a table on the left.
Market Capitalization
The value of a company's market capitalization, expressed in the currency of its stock price.
Price / EPS Diluted
Current value of the P/E ratio.
Free cash in portfolio
This is the amount of free cash available to purchase stocks. Please note that the price of the stock and the funds in your portfolio must be denominated in the same currency. On TradingView, you can choose which currency to display the stock price in.
Cash amount for one portion
The amount of cash needed to buy one portion of a stock. This depends on the diversification ratio entered. If you divide this value + Cash in - Cash out +/- Closed Profit/Loss + Dividends - Fees - Taxes by the diversification coefficient, you get Cash amount for one portion .
Potential portions amount
Number of portions, available for purchase at the current price. It can be a fractional number.
Cash amount to buy
The amount of cash needed to buy portions available for purchase at the current price.
Shares amount to buy
Number of shares in portions available for purchase at the current price.
Thus, the diversification ratio is a significant parameter of my stocks' investment strategy. It shows both the limit on the number of companies and the limit on the number of portions for the portfolio. It also participates in calculating the number of finances and shares to purchase at the current price level.
Changing the diversification coefficient is possible already during the process of investing in stocks. If my capital ( + Cash in - Cash out +/- Closed Profit/Loss + Dividends - Fees - Taxes ) has changed significantly (by more than Cash amount for one portion ), I always ask myself the same question: "What risk (as a percentage of capital) is acceptable for me now?" If the answer involves a change in the minimum number of companies in the portfolio, then the diversification ratio will also be recalculated. Therefore, the number of finances needed to purchase one portion will also change. We can say that the diversification ratio controls the distribution of finances among my investments.
Part 5: Prioritization and Exceptions to the Rainbow Indicator Rules
When analyzing a company and its stock price using the Fundamental Strength Indicator and the Rainbow Indicator, a situation may arise where all the conditions for buying are met in two or more companies. At the same time, Free cash in the portfolio does not allow me to purchase the required number of portions from different companies. In that case, I need to decide which companies I will give priority to.
To decide, I follow the following rules:
1. Priority is given to companies from the top-tier sector group (how these groups are defined is explained in this article ). That is, the first group prevails over the second, and the second over the third. These companies must also meet the purchase criteria described in Part 2.
2. If after applying the first rule, two or more companies have received priority, I look at the value of the Fundamental Strength Indicator. Priority is given to companies that have a fundamental strength of 8 points or higher. They must also be within two points of the leader in terms of fundamental strength. For example, if a leader has a fundamental strength of 12 points, then the range under consideration will be from 12 to 10 points.
3. If, after applying the second rule, two or more companies received priority, I look at which spectrum of the Lower Rainbow the current price of these companies is in. If a company's stock price is on the lower end of the spectrum, I give it priority.
4. If, after applying the third rule, two or more companies have received priority, I look at the P/E ratio. The Company with the lower P/E ratio gets priority.
After applying these four rules, I get the company with the highest priority. This is the company that wins the fight for my investment. To figure out the next priority to buy, I repeat this process over and over again to use up all the money I have allocated for investing in stocks.
The second part of the guide mentioned two rules that I use when deciding whether to close positions:
- The Rule for replacing shares in a portfolio.
- Force majeure position closure Rule.
They take priority over the Rainbow Indicator. This means that the position may be closed even if the Rainbow indicator does not signal this. Let's consider each rule separately.
Portfolio stock replacement Rule
Since company stocks are not an asset with a guaranteed return, I can get into a situation where the position is open for a long time without an acceptable financial result. That is, the price of the company's shares is not growing, and the Rainbow indicator does not signal the need to sell shares. In this case, I can replace the problematic companies with a new one. The criteria for a problem company are:
- 3 months have passed since the position was opened.
- Fundamental strength below 5 points.
- The width of both rainbows decreased during the period of holding the position.
To identify a new company that will take the place of the problematic one, I use the prioritization principle from this section. At the same time, I always consider this possibility as an option. The thing is that frequently replacing stocks in my portfolio is not a priority for me and is seen as a negative action. A new company would have to have really outstanding parameters for me to take advantage of this option.
Force majeure position closure Rule
If my portfolio contains stocks of a company that has critical news, then I can close the position without using the Rainbow Indicator. How to determine whether this news is critical or not is described in this article .
Part 6: Examples of using the indicator
Let’s consider the situation with NVIDIA Corporation stock (ticker - NVDA).
September 02, 2022:
Fundamental Strength Indicator - 11.46 (fundamentally strong company).
P/E - 39.58 (acceptable to me).
Current price - $136.47 (is in the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow).
Situation - Obverse.
There is no critical news for the company.
The basic conditions for buying this company's stock are met. The Rainbow Indicator settings are filled out as follows:
The table to the left of the Rainbow Indicator shows how many shares are possible to buy in the Orange Spectrum of Lower Rainbow at the current price = 10 shares. This corresponds to 2.73 portions.
To give you an example, I buy 10 shares of NVDA at $136.47 per share.
October 14, 2022:
NVDA's stock price has moved into the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow.
The Fundamental Strength Indicator is 10.81 (fundamentally strong company).
P/E is 35.80 (an acceptable level for me).
Current price - $112.27 (is in the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow).
Situation - Obverse.
There is no critical news for the company.
The basic conditions for buying this company's stock are still met. The Rainbow Indicator settings are populated as follows:
The table to the left of the Rainbow Indicator shows how many shares are possible to buy in the Lower Rainbow Red Spectrum at the current price (5 shares). This corresponds to 1.12 portions.
To give you an example, I buy 5 shares of NVDA at $112.27 per share. A total of 3.85 portions were purchased, which is the maximum possible number of portions at the current price level. The remainder in the form of 0.15 portions can be purchased only at a price level below $75 per share.
January 23, 2023:
The price of NVDA stock passes through the Red Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow and stops in the Orange Spectrum. As an example, I sell 5 shares bought in the Red Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow, for example at $180 per share (+60%). And also a third of the shares bought in the Orange Spectrum, 3 shares out of 10, for example at $190 a share (+39%). That leaves me with 7 shares.
January 27, 2023:
NVDA's stock price has continued to rise and has moved into the Green Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow. This is a reason to close some of the remaining 7 shares. I divide the 7 shares by 2 and round up to a whole number - that's 4 shares. For my example, I sell 4 shares at $199 a share (+46%). Now I am left with 3 shares of stock.
February 02, 2023:
The price of NVDA stock moves into the Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow, and I close the remaining 3 shares, for example, at $216 per share (+58%). The entire position in NVDA stock is closed.
As you can see, the Fundamental Strength Indicator and the P/E ratio were not used in the process of closing the position. Decisions were made only based on the Rainbow Indicator.
As another example, let's look at the situation with the shares of Papa Johns International, Inc. (ticker PZZA).
November 01, 2017:
Fundamental Strength Indicator - 13.22 points (fundamentally strong company).
P/E - 21.64 (acceptable to me).
Current price - $62.26 (is in the Blue Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow).
Situation - Obverse.
There is no critical news for the company.
The basic conditions for buying shares of this company are met. The settings of the Rainbow Indicator are filled as follows:
The table to the left of the Rainbow Indicator shows how many shares are possible to buy in the Lower Rainbow Blue Spectrum at the current price - 8 shares. This corresponds to 1 portion.
To give you an example, I buy 8 shares of PZZA at a price of $62.26.
August 8, 2018:
PZZA's share price has moved into the Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow.
The Fundamental Strength Indicator is a 9.83 (fundamentally strong company).
P/E is 16.07 (an acceptable level for me).
Current price - $38.94 (is in the Green Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow).
Situation - Obverse.
There is no critical news for the company.
The basic conditions for buying shares of this company are still met. The Rainbow Indicator settings are populated as follows:
The table to the left of the Rainbow Indicator shows how many shares are possible to buy in the Lower Rainbow Green Spectrum at the current price - 12 shares. This corresponds to 0.93 portions.
To give you an example, I buy 12 shares of PZZA at a price of $38.94. A total of 1.93 portions were purchased.
October 31, 2018:
PZZA's stock price moves into the Upper Rainbow Red Spectrum and is $54.54 per share. Since I did not have any portions purchased in the Lower Rainbow Red Spectrum, there is no closing part of the position.
February 01, 2019:
After a significant decline, PZZA's stock price moves into the Orange Spectrum of the Lower Rainbow at $38.51 per share. However, I am not taking any action because the company's Fundamental Strength on this day is 5.02 (a fundamentally mediocre company).
March 27, 2019:
PZZA's stock price passes the green and Blue Spectrum of the Upper Rainbow. This allowed to close the previously purchased 12 shares, for example, at $50 a share (+28%) and 8 shares at $50.38 a share (-19%).
Closing the entire position at once was facilitated by a significant narrowing in both rainbows. As we now know, this indicates a decline in earnings at the company.
In conclusion of this instruction, I would like to remind you once again that any investment is associated with risk. Therefore, make sure that you understand all the nuances of the indicators before using them.
Mandatory requirements for using the indicator:
- Works only on a daily timeframe.
- The indicator is only applicable to shares of public companies.
- Quarterly income statements for the last year are required.
- An acceptable for your P/E ratio is required to consider the company's stock for purchase.
- The Rainbow Indicator only applies in tandem with the Fundamental Strength Indicator. To consider a company's stock for purchase, you need confirmation that the company is fundamentally strong.
What is the value of the Rainbow Indicator?
- Clearly demonstrates a company's profit and loss dynamics.
- Shows the price ranges that can be used to open and close a position.
- Considers the principle of gradual increase and decrease in a position.
- Allows calculating the number of shares to be purchased.
- Shows the current value of the P/E ratio.
- Shows the current capitalization of the company.
Risk disclaimer
When working with the Rainbow Indicator, keep in mind that the release of the Income statement (from which diluted EPS is derived) occurs some time after the end of the fiscal quarter. This means that the new relevant data for the calculation will only appear after the publication of the new statement. In this regard, there may be a significant change in the Rainbow Indicator after the publication of the new statement. The magnitude of this change will depend on both the content of the new statement and the number of days between the end of the financial quarter and the publication date of the statement. Before the publication date of the new statement, the latest actual data will be used for the calculations. Also, once again, please note that the Rainbow Indicator can only be used in tandem with the Fundamental Strength Indicator and the P/E ratio. Without these additional filters, the Rainbow Indicator loses its intended meaning.
The Rainbow Indicator allows you to determine the price ranges for opening and closing a position gradually, based on available data and the methodology I created. You can also use it to calculate the number of shares you can consider buying, considering the position you already have. However, this Indicator and/or its description and examples cannot be used as the sole reason for buying or selling stocks or for any other action or inaction related to stocks.